lodash/lodash.js

/**
 * @license
 * Lo-Dash 2.4.1 <http://lodash.com/>
 * Copyright 2012-2014 The Dojo Foundation <http://dojofoundation.org/>
 * Based on Underscore.js 1.6.0 <http://underscorejs.org/LICENSE>
 * Copyright 2009-2014 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors
 * Available under MIT license <http://lodash.com/license>
 */
;(function() {

  /** Used as a safe reference for `undefined` in pre ES5 environments */
  var undefined;

  /** Used to compose bitmasks for wrapper metadata */
  var BIND_FLAG = 1,
      BIND_KEY_FLAG = 2,
      CURRY_FLAG = 4,
      CURRY_BOUND_FLAG = 8,
      PARTIAL_FLAG = 16,
      PARTIAL_RIGHT_FLAG = 32;

  /** Used as the semantic version number */
  var version = '2.4.1';

  /** Used as the property name for wrapper metadata */
  var expando = '__lodash@' + version + '__';

  /** Used as the TypeError message for "Functions" methods */
  var funcErrorText = 'Expected a function';

  /** Used to generate unique IDs */
  var idCounter = 0;

  /** Used to detect words composed of all capital letters */
  var reAllCaps = /^[A-Z]+$/;

  /** Used to match empty string literals in compiled template source */
  var reEmptyStringLeading = /\b__p \+= '';/g,
      reEmptyStringMiddle = /\b(__p \+=) '' \+/g,
      reEmptyStringTrailing = /(__e\(.*?\)|\b__t\)) \+\n'';/g;

  /** Used to match HTML entities and HTML characters */
  var reEscapedHtml = /&(?:amp|lt|gt|quot|#39);/g,
      reUnescapedHtml = /[&<>"']/g;

  /** Used to match template delimiters */
  var reEscape = /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
      reEvaluate = /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
      reInterpolate = /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g;

  /**
   * Used to match ES6 template delimiters.
   * See the [ES6 spec](http://people.mozilla.org/~jorendorff/es6-draft.html#sec-template-literal-lexical-components)
   * for more details.
   */
  var reEsTemplate = /\$\{([^\\}]*(?:\\.[^\\}]*)*)\}/g;

  /** Used to match `RegExp` flags from their coerced string values */
  var reFlags = /\w*$/;

  /** Used to detected named functions */
  var reFuncName = /^\s*function[ \n\r\t]+\w/;

  /** Used to detect hexadecimal string values */
  var reHexPrefix = /^0[xX]/;

  /** Used to match latin-1 supplement letters */
  var reLatin1 = /[\xC0-\xFF]/g;

  /** Used to ensure capturing order of template delimiters */
  var reNoMatch = /($^)/;

  /**
   * Used to match `RegExp` special characters.
   * See this [article on `RegExp` characters](http://www.regular-expressions.info/characters.html#special)
   * for more details.
   */
  var reRegExpChars = /[.*+?^${}()|[\]\/\\]/g;

  /** Used to detect functions containing a `this` reference */
  var reThis = /\bthis\b/;

  /** Used to match unescaped characters in compiled string literals */
  var reUnescapedString = /['\n\r\u2028\u2029\\]/g;

  /** Used to match words to create compound words */
  var reWords = /[A-Z]{2,}(?=[A-Z][a-z]+[0-9]*|\b)|[A-Z]?[a-z]+[0-9]*|[A-Z]|[a-z]+|[0-9]+/g;

  /** Used to detect and test whitespace */
  var whitespace = (
    // whitespace
    ' \t\x0B\f\xA0\ufeff' +

    // line terminators
    '\n\r\u2028\u2029' +

    // unicode category "Zs" space separators
    '\u1680\u180E\u2000\u2001\u2002\u2003\u2004\u2005\u2006\u2007\u2008\u2009\u200a\u202f\u205f\u3000'
  );

  /** Used to assign default `context` object properties */
  var contextProps = [
    'Array', 'Boolean', 'Date', 'Error', 'Function', 'Math', 'Number', 'Object',
    'RegExp', 'Set', 'String', '_', 'clearTimeout', 'document', 'isFinite', 'isNaN',
    'parseInt', 'setTimeout', 'TypeError', 'window', 'WinRTError'
  ];

  /** Used to fix the JScript `[[DontEnum]]` bug */
  var shadowedProps = [
    'constructor', 'hasOwnProperty', 'isPrototypeOf', 'propertyIsEnumerable',
    'toLocaleString', 'toString', 'valueOf'
  ];

  /** Used to make template sourceURLs easier to identify */
  var templateCounter = 0;

  /** `Object#toString` result shortcuts */
  var argsClass = '[object Arguments]',
      arrayClass = '[object Array]',
      boolClass = '[object Boolean]',
      dateClass = '[object Date]',
      errorClass = '[object Error]',
      funcClass = '[object Function]',
      numberClass = '[object Number]',
      objectClass = '[object Object]',
      regexpClass = '[object RegExp]',
      stringClass = '[object String]';

  /** Used to identify object classifications that `_.clone` supports */
  var cloneableClasses = {};
  cloneableClasses[funcClass] = false;
  cloneableClasses[argsClass] = cloneableClasses[arrayClass] =
  cloneableClasses[boolClass] = cloneableClasses[dateClass] =
  cloneableClasses[numberClass] = cloneableClasses[objectClass] =
  cloneableClasses[regexpClass] = cloneableClasses[stringClass] = true;

  /** Used as an internal `_.debounce` options object by `_.throttle` */
  var debounceOptions = {
    'leading': false,
    'maxWait': 0,
    'trailing': false
  };

  /** Used as the property descriptor for wrapper metadata */
  var descriptor = {
    'configurable': false,
    'enumerable': false,
    'value': null,
    'writable': false
  };

  /**
   * Used to convert characters to HTML entities.
   *
   * Note: Though the ">" character is escaped for symmetry, characters like
   * ">", "`", and "/" don't require escaping in HTML and have no special meaning
   * unless they're part of a tag or unquoted attribute value.
   * See [Mathias' article](http://mathiasbynens.be/notes/ambiguous-ampersands)
   * (under "semi-related fun fact") for more details.
   */
  var htmlEscapes = {
    '&': '&amp;',
    '<': '&lt;',
    '>': '&gt;',
    '"': '&quot;',
    "'": '&#39;'
  };

  /** Used to convert HTML entities to characters */
  var htmlUnescapes = {
    '&amp;': '&',
    '&lt;': '<',
    '&gt;': '>',
    '&quot;': '"',
    '&#39;': "'"
  };

  /**
   * Used to convert latin-1 supplement letters to basic latin (ASCII) letters.
   * See [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin-1_Supplement_(Unicode_block)#Character_table)
   * for more details.
   */
  var deburredLetters = {
    '\xC0': 'A',  '\xC1': 'A', '\xC2': 'A', '\xC3': 'A', '\xC4': 'A', '\xC5': 'A',
    '\xE0': 'a',  '\xE1': 'a', '\xE2': 'a', '\xE3': 'a', '\xE4': 'a', '\xE5': 'a',
    '\xC7': 'C',  '\xE7': 'c',
    '\xD0': 'D',  '\xF0': 'd',
    '\xC8': 'E',  '\xC9': 'E', '\xCA': 'E', '\xCB': 'E',
    '\xE8': 'e',  '\xE9': 'e', '\xEA': 'e', '\xEB': 'e',
    '\xCC': 'I',  '\xCD': 'I', '\xCE': 'I', '\xCF': 'I',
    '\xEC': 'i',  '\xED': 'i', '\xEE': 'i', '\xEF': 'i',
    '\xD1': 'N',  '\xF1': 'n',
    '\xD2': 'O',  '\xD3': 'O', '\xD4': 'O', '\xD5': 'O', '\xD6': 'O', '\xD8': 'O',
    '\xF2': 'o',  '\xF3': 'o', '\xF4': 'o', '\xF5': 'o', '\xF6': 'o', '\xF8': 'o',
    '\xD9': 'U',  '\xDA': 'U', '\xDB': 'U', '\xDC': 'U',
    '\xF9': 'u',  '\xFA': 'u', '\xFB': 'u', '\xFC': 'u',
    '\xDD': 'Y',  '\xFD': 'y', '\xFF': 'y',
    '\xC6': 'AE', '\xE6': 'ae',
    '\xDE': 'Th', '\xFE': 'th',
    '\xDF': 'ss', '\xD7': ' ', '\xF7': ' '
  };

  /** Used to determine if values are of the language type `Object` */
  var objectTypes = {
    'function': true,
    'object': true
  };

  /** Used to escape characters for inclusion in compiled string literals */
  var stringEscapes = {
    '\\': '\\',
    "'": "'",
    '\n': 'n',
    '\r': 'r',
    '\u2028': 'u2028',
    '\u2029': 'u2029'
  };

  /** Used as a reference to the global object */
  var root = (objectTypes[typeof window] && window) || this;

  /** Detect free variable `exports` */
  var freeExports = objectTypes[typeof exports] && exports && !exports.nodeType && exports;

  /** Detect free variable `module` */
  var freeModule = objectTypes[typeof module] && module && !module.nodeType && module;

  /** Detect free variable `global` from Node.js or Browserified code and use it as `root` */
  var freeGlobal = freeExports && freeModule && typeof global == 'object' && global;
  if (freeGlobal && (freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal || freeGlobal.window === freeGlobal || freeGlobal.self === freeGlobal)) {
    root = freeGlobal;
  }

  /** Detect the popular CommonJS extension `module.exports` */
  var moduleExports = freeModule && freeModule.exports === freeExports && freeExports;

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /**
   * The base implementation of `_.at` without support for strings or individual
   * key arguments.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {number[]|string[]} [props] The keys of elements to pick.
   * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of picked elements.
   */
  function baseAt(collection, props) {
    var index = -1,
        length = props.length,
        result = Array(length);

    while(++index < length) {
      result[index] = collection[props[index]];
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * The base implementation of `compareAscending` used to compare values and
   * sort them in ascending order without guaranteeing a stable sort.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {*} value The value to compare to `other`.
   * @param {*} other The value to compare to `value`.
   * @returns {number} Returns the sort order indicator for `value`.
   */
  function baseCompareAscending(value, other) {
    if (value !== other) {
      if (value > other || typeof value == 'undefined') {
        return 1;
      }
      if (value < other || typeof other == 'undefined') {
        return -1;
      }
    }
    return 0;
  }

  /**
   * The base implementation of `_.indexOf` without support for binary searches.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {Array} array The array to search.
   * @param {*} value The value to search for.
   * @param {number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from.
   * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched value, else `-1`.
   */
  function baseIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
    var index = (fromIndex || 0) - 1,
        length = array ? array.length : 0;

    while (++index < length) {
      if (array[index] === value) {
        return index;
      }
    }
    return -1;
  }

  /**
   * An implementation of `_.contains` for cache objects that mimics the return
   * signature of `_.indexOf` by returning `0` if the value is found, else `-1`.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {Object} cache The cache object to inspect.
   * @param {*} value The value to search for.
   * @returns {number} Returns `0` if `value` is found, else `-1`.
   */
  function cacheIndexOf(cache, value) {
    return cache.has(value) ? 0 : -1;
  }

  /**
   * Used by `_.max` and `_.min` as the default callback when a given collection
   * is a string value.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {string} string The string to inspect.
   * @returns {number} Returns the code unit of the first character of the string.
   */
  function charAtCallback(string) {
    return string.charCodeAt(0);
  }

  /**
   * Used by `_.trim` and `_.trimLeft` to get the index of the first character
   * of `string` that is not found in `chars`.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {string} string The string to inspect.
   * @param {string} chars The characters to find.
   * @returns {number} Returns the index of the first character not found in `chars`.
   */
  function charsLeftIndex(string, chars) {
    var index = -1,
        length = string.length;

    while (++index < length) {
      if (chars.indexOf(string.charAt(index)) < 0) {
        break;
      }
    }
    return index;
  }

  /**
   * Used by `_.trim` and `_.trimRight` to get the index of the last character
   * of `string` that is not found in `chars`.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {string} string The string to inspect.
   * @param {string} chars The characters to find.
   * @returns {number} Returns the index of the last character not found in `chars`.
   */
  function charsRightIndex(string, chars) {
    var index = string.length;
    while (index--) {
      if (chars.indexOf(string.charAt(index)) < 0) {
        break;
      }
    }
    return index;
  }

  /**
   * Used by `_.sortBy` to compare transformed elements of a collection and stable
   * sort them in ascending order.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {Object} object The object to compare to `other`.
   * @param {Object} other The object to compare to `object`.
   * @returns {number} Returns the sort order indicator for `object`.
   */
  function compareAscending(object, other) {
    return baseCompareAscending(object.criteria, other.criteria) || object.index - other.index;
  }

  /**
   * Used by `_.sortBy` to compare multiple properties of each element in a
   * collection and stable sort them in ascending order.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {Object} object The object to compare to `other`.
   * @param {Object} other The object to compare to `object`.
   * @returns {number} Returns the sort order indicator for `object`.
   */
  function compareMultipleAscending(object, other) {
    var index = -1,
        objCriteria = object.criteria,
        othCriteria = other.criteria,
        length = objCriteria.length;

    while (++index < length) {
      var result = baseCompareAscending(objCriteria[index], othCriteria[index]);
      if (result) {
        return result;
      }
    }
    // Fixes an `Array#sort` bug in the JS engine embedded in Adobe applications
    // that causes it, under certain circumstances, to provide the same value
    // for `object` and `other`. See https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/pull/1247
    //
    // This also ensures a stable sort in V8 and other engines.
    // See https://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=90
    return object.index - other.index;
  }

  /**
   * Creates a function that produces compound words out of the words in a
   * given string.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {Function} callback The function called to combine each word.
   * @returns {Function} Returns the new compounder function.
   */
  function createCompounder(callback) {
    return function(string) {
      var index = -1,
          words = string != null && String(string).replace(reLatin1, deburrLetter).match(reWords),
          length = words ? words.length : 0,
          result = '';

      while (++index < length) {
        result = callback(result, words[index], index, words);
      }
      return result;
    };
  }

  /**
   * Used by `createCompounder` to convert latin-1 supplement letters to basic
   * latin (ASCII) letters.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {string} letter The matched letter to deburr.
   * @returns {string} Returns the deburred letter.
   */
  function deburrLetter(letter) {
    return deburredLetters[letter];
  }

  /**
   * Used by `_.escape` to convert characters to HTML entities.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {string} chr The matched character to escape.
   * @returns {string} Returns the escaped character.
   */
  function escapeHtmlChar(chr) {
    return htmlEscapes[chr];
  }

  /**
   * Used by `_.template` to escape characters for inclusion in compiled
   * string literals.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {string} chr The matched character to escape.
   * @returns {string} Returns the escaped character.
   */
  function escapeStringChar(chr) {
    return '\\' + stringEscapes[chr];
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is a DOM node in IE < 9.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {*} value The value to check.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a DOM node, else `false`.
   */
  function isNode(value) {
    // IE < 9 presents DOM nodes as `Object` objects except they have `toString`
    // methods that are `typeof` "string" and still can coerce nodes to strings
    return typeof value.toString != 'function' && typeof (value + '') == 'string';
  }

  /**
   * Used by `_.trim` and `_.trimLeft` to get the index of the first non-whitespace
   * character of `string`.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {string} string The string to inspect.
   * @returns {number} Returns the index of the first non-whitespace character.
   */
  function trimmedLeftIndex(string) {
    var index = -1,
        length = string.length;

    while (++index < length) {
      var c = string.charCodeAt(index);
      if (!((c <= 160 && (c >= 9 && c <= 13) || c == 32 || c == 160) || c == 5760 || c == 6158 ||
          (c >= 8192 && (c <= 8202 || c == 8232 || c == 8233 || c == 8239 || c == 8287 || c == 12288 || c == 65279)))) {
        break;
      }
    }
    return index;
  }

  /**
   * Used by `_.trim` and `_.trimRight` to get the index of the last non-whitespace
   * character of `string`.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {string} string The string to inspect.
   * @returns {number} Returns the index of the last non-whitespace character.
   */
  function trimmedRightIndex(string) {
    var index = string.length;
    while (index--) {
      var c = string.charCodeAt(index);
      if (!((c <= 160 && (c >= 9 && c <= 13) || c == 32 || c == 160) || c == 5760 || c == 6158 ||
          (c >= 8192 && (c <= 8202 || c == 8232 || c == 8233 || c == 8239 || c == 8287 || c == 12288 || c == 65279)))) {
        break;
      }
    }
    return index;
  }

  /**
   * Used by `_.unescape` to convert HTML entities to characters.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {string} chr The matched character to unescape.
   * @returns {string} Returns the unescaped character.
   */
  function unescapeHtmlChar(chr) {
    return htmlUnescapes[chr];
  }

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /**
   * Create a new `lodash` function using the given `context` object.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Utilities
   * @param {Object} [context=root] The context object.
   * @returns {Function} Returns a new `lodash` function.
   */
  function runInContext(context) {
    // Avoid issues with some ES3 environments that attempt to use values, named
    // after built-in constructors like `Object`, for the creation of literals.
    // ES5 clears this up by stating that literals must use built-in constructors.
    // See http://es5.github.io/#x11.1.5.
    context = context ? _.defaults(root.Object(), context, _.pick(root, contextProps)) : root;

    /** Native constructor references */
    var Array = context.Array,
        Boolean = context.Boolean,
        Date = context.Date,
        Error = context.Error,
        Function = context.Function,
        Math = context.Math,
        Number = context.Number,
        Object = context.Object,
        RegExp = context.RegExp,
        String = context.String,
        TypeError = context.TypeError;

    /** Used for native method references */
    var arrayProto = Array.prototype,
        errorProto = Error.prototype,
        objectProto = Object.prototype,
        stringProto = String.prototype;

    /** Used to detect DOM support */
    var document = (document = context.window) && document.document;

    /** Used to restore the original `_` reference in `_.noConflict` */
    var oldDash = context._;

    /**
     * Used as the maximum length of an array-like object.
     * See the [ES6 spec](http://people.mozilla.org/~jorendorff/es6-draft.html#sec-tolength)
     * for more details.
     */
    var maxSafeInteger = Math.pow(2, 53) - 1;

    /** Used to resolve the internal `[[Class]]` of values */
    var toString = objectProto.toString;

    /** Used to detect if a method is native */
    var reNative = RegExp('^' +
      escapeRegExp(toString)
      .replace(/toString|(function).*?(?=\\\()| for .+?(?=\\\])/g, '$1.*?') + '$'
    );

    /** Native method shortcuts */
    var ceil = Math.ceil,
        clearTimeout = context.clearTimeout,
        floor = Math.floor,
        fnToString = Function.prototype.toString,
        getPrototypeOf = isNative(getPrototypeOf = Object.getPrototypeOf) && getPrototypeOf,
        hasOwnProperty = objectProto.hasOwnProperty,
        push = arrayProto.push,
        propertyIsEnumerable = objectProto.propertyIsEnumerable,
        Set = isNative(Set = context.Set) && Set,
        setTimeout = context.setTimeout,
        splice = arrayProto.splice,
        unshift = arrayProto.unshift;

    /** Used to set metadata on functions */
    var defineProperty = (function() {
      // IE 8 only accepts DOM elements
      try {
        var o = {},
            func = isNative(func = Object.defineProperty) && func,
            result = func(o, o, o) && func;
      } catch(e) { }
      return result;
    }());

    /* Native method shortcuts for methods with the same name as other `lodash` methods */
    var nativeContains = isNative(nativeContains = stringProto.contains) && nativeContains,
        nativeCreate = isNative(nativeCreate = Object.create) && nativeCreate,
        nativeIsArray = isNative(nativeIsArray = Array.isArray) && nativeIsArray,
        nativeIsFinite = context.isFinite,
        nativeIsNaN = context.isNaN,
        nativeKeys = isNative(nativeKeys = Object.keys) && nativeKeys,
        nativeMax = Math.max,
        nativeMin = Math.min,
        nativeNow = isNative(nativeNow = Date.now) && nativeNow,
        nativeParseInt = context.parseInt,
        nativeRandom = Math.random;

    /** Used to lookup built-in constructors by `[[Class]]` */
    var ctorByClass = {};
    ctorByClass[arrayClass] = Array;
    ctorByClass[boolClass] = Boolean;
    ctorByClass[dateClass] = Date;
    ctorByClass[funcClass] = Function;
    ctorByClass[objectClass] = Object;
    ctorByClass[numberClass] = Number;
    ctorByClass[regexpClass] = RegExp;
    ctorByClass[stringClass] = String;

    /** Used to avoid iterating over non-enumerable properties in IE < 9 */
    var nonEnumProps = {};
    nonEnumProps[arrayClass] = nonEnumProps[dateClass] = nonEnumProps[numberClass] = { 'constructor': true, 'toLocaleString': true, 'toString': true, 'valueOf': true };
    nonEnumProps[boolClass] = nonEnumProps[stringClass] = { 'constructor': true, 'toString': true, 'valueOf': true };
    nonEnumProps[errorClass] = nonEnumProps[funcClass] = nonEnumProps[regexpClass] = { 'constructor': true, 'toString': true };
    nonEnumProps[objectClass] = { 'constructor': true };

    (function() {
      var length = shadowedProps.length;
      while (length--) {
        var key = shadowedProps[length];
        for (var className in nonEnumProps) {
          if (hasOwnProperty.call(nonEnumProps, className) && !hasOwnProperty.call(nonEnumProps[className], key)) {
            nonEnumProps[className][key] = false;
          }
        }
      }
    }());

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * Creates a `lodash` object which wraps the given value to enable intuitive
     * method chaining.
     *
     * In addition to Lo-Dash methods, wrappers also have the following `Array` methods:
     * `concat`, `join`, `pop`, `push`, `reverse`, `shift`, `slice`, `sort`, `splice`,
     * and `unshift`
     *
     * Chaining is supported in custom builds as long as the `value` method is
     * implicitly or explicitly included in the build.
     *
     * The chainable wrapper functions are:
     * `after`, `assign`, `at`, `bind`, `bindAll`, `bindKey`, `chain`, `compact`,
     * `compose`, `concat`, `constant`, `countBy`, `create`, `createCallback`,
     * `curry`, `debounce`, `defaults`, `defer`, `delay`, `difference`, `filter`,
     * `flatten`, `forEach`, `forEachRight`, `forIn`, `forInRight`, `forOwn`,
     * `forOwnRight`, `functions`, `groupBy`, `indexBy`, `initial`, `intersection`,
     * `invert`, `invoke`, `keys`, `map`, `mapValues`, `matches`, `max`, `memoize`,
     * `merge`, `min`, `mixin`, `noop`, `object`, `omit`, `once`, `pairs`, `partial`,
     * `partialRight`, `pick`, `pluck`, `property`, `pull`, `pullAt`, `push`,
     * `range`, `reject`, `remove`, `rest`, `reverse`, `shuffle`, `slice`, `sort`,
     * `sortBy`, `splice`, `tap`, `throttle`, `times`, `toArray`, `transform`,
     * `union`, `uniq`, `unshift`, `unzip`, `values`, `where`, `without`, `wrap`,
     * `xor`, and `zip`
     *
     * The non-chainable wrapper functions are:
     * `capitalize`, `clone`, `cloneDeep`, `contains`, `escape`, `every`, `find`,
     * `findIndex`, `findKey`, `findLast`, `findLastIndex`, `findLastKey`, `has`,
     * `identity`, `indexOf`, `isArguments`, `isArray`, `isBoolean`, `isDate`,
     * `isElement`, `isEmpty`, `isEqual`, `isFinite`, `isFunction`, `isNaN`,
     * `isNull`, `isNumber`, `isObject`, `isPlainObject`, `isRegExp`, `isString`,
     * `isUndefined`, `join`, `lastIndexOf`, `noConflict`, `now`, `parseInt`,
     * `pop`, `random`, `reduce`, `reduceRight`, `result`, `shift`, `size`, `some`,
     * `sortedIndex`, `runInContext`, `template`, `trim`, `trimLeft`, `trimRight`,
     * `unescape`, `uniqueId`, and `value`
     *
     * The wrapper functions `first`, `last`, and `sample` return wrapped values
     * when `n` is provided, otherwise they return unwrapped values.
     *
     * Explicit chaining can be enabled by using the `_.chain` method.
     *
     * @name _
     * @constructor
     * @category Chaining
     * @param {*} value The value to wrap in a `lodash` instance.
     * @returns {Object} Returns a `lodash` instance.
     * @example
     *
     * var wrapped = _([1, 2, 3]);
     *
     * // returns an unwrapped value
     * wrapped.reduce(function(sum, num) {
     *   return sum + num;
     * });
     * // => 6
     *
     * // returns a wrapped value
     * var squares = wrapped.map(function(num) {
     *   return num * num;
     * });
     *
     * _.isArray(squares);
     * // => false
     *
     * _.isArray(squares.value());
     * // => true
     */
    function lodash(value) {
      // don't wrap if already wrapped, even if wrapped by a different `lodash` constructor
      return (value && typeof value == 'object' && !isArray(value) && hasOwnProperty.call(value, '__wrapped__'))
       ? value
       : new lodashWrapper(value);
    }

    /**
     * A fast path for creating `lodash` wrapper objects.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {*} value The value to wrap in a `lodash` instance.
     * @param {boolean} [chainAll=false] A flag to enable chaining for all methods.
     * @returns {Object} Returns a `lodash` instance.
     */
    function lodashWrapper(value, chainAll) {
      this.__chain__ = !!chainAll;
      this.__wrapped__ = value;
    }
    // ensure `new lodashWrapper` is an instance of `lodash`
    lodashWrapper.prototype = lodash.prototype;

    /**
     * An object used to flag environments features.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @type Object
     */
    var support = lodash.support = {};

    (function(x) {
      var ctor = function() { this.x = 1; },
          object = { '0': 1, 'length': 1 },
          props = [];

      ctor.prototype = { 'valueOf': 1, 'y': 1 };
      for (var key in new ctor) { props.push(key); }
      for (var argsKey in arguments) { }
      for (var strKey in 'x') { }

      /**
       * Detect if the `[[Class]]` of `arguments` objects is resolvable
       * (all but Firefox < 4, IE < 9).
       *
       * @memberOf _.support
       * @type boolean
       */
      support.argsClass = toString.call(arguments) == argsClass;

      /**
       * Detect if `arguments` objects are `Object` objects
       * (all but Narwhal and Opera < 10.5).
       *
       * @memberOf _.support
       * @type boolean
       */
      support.argsObject = arguments.constructor == Object && !(arguments instanceof Array);

      /**
       * Detect if `name` or `message` properties of `Error.prototype` are
       * enumerable by default (IE < 9, Safari < 5.1).
       *
       * @memberOf _.support
       * @type boolean
       */
      support.enumErrorProps = propertyIsEnumerable.call(errorProto, 'message') ||
        propertyIsEnumerable.call(errorProto, 'name');

      /**
       * Detect if `prototype` properties are enumerable by default.
       *
       * Firefox < 3.6, Opera > 9.50 - Opera < 11.60, and Safari < 5.1
       * (if the prototype or a property on the prototype has been set)
       * incorrectly sets the `[[Enumerable]]` value of a function's `prototype`
       * property to `true`.
       *
       * @memberOf _.support
       * @type boolean
       */
      support.enumPrototypes = propertyIsEnumerable.call(ctor, 'prototype');

      /**
       * Detect if functions can be decompiled by `Function#toString`
       * (all but Firefox OS certified apps, older Opera mobile browsers, and
       * the PlayStation 3; forced `false` for Windows 8 apps).
       *
       * @memberOf _.support
       * @type boolean
       */
      support.funcDecomp = !isNative(context.WinRTError) && reThis.test(runInContext);

      /**
       * Detect if `Function#name` is supported (all but IE).
       *
       * @memberOf _.support
       * @type boolean
       */
      support.funcNames = typeof Function.name == 'string';

      /**
       * Detect if string indexes are non-enumerable
       * (IE < 9, RingoJS, Rhino, Narwhal).
       *
       * @memberOf _.support
       * @type boolean
       */
      support.nonEnumStrings = strKey != '0';

      /**
       * Detect if properties shadowing those on `Object.prototype` are
       * non-enumerable.
       *
       * In IE < 9 an object's own properties, shadowing non-enumerable ones,
       * are made non-enumerable as well (a.k.a the JScript `[[DontEnum]]` bug).
       *
       * @memberOf _.support
       * @type boolean
       */
      support.nonEnumShadows = !/valueOf/.test(props);

      /**
       * Detect if own properties are iterated after inherited properties
       * (all but IE < 9).
       *
       * @memberOf _.support
       * @type boolean
       */
      support.ownLast = props[0] != 'x';

      /**
       * Detect if `Array#shift` and `Array#splice` augment array-like objects
       * correctly.
       *
       * Firefox < 10, IE compatibility mode, and IE < 9 have buggy Array `shift()`
       * and `splice()` functions that fail to remove the last element, `value[0]`,
       * of array-like objects even though the `length` property is set to `0`.
       * The `shift()` method is buggy in IE 8 compatibility mode, while `splice()`
       * is buggy regardless of mode in IE < 9 and buggy in compatibility mode
       * in IE 9.
       *
       * @memberOf _.support
       * @type boolean
       */
      support.spliceObjects = (splice.call(object, 0, 1), !object[0]);

      /**
       * Detect lack of support for accessing string characters by index.
       *
       * IE < 8 can't access characters by index. IE 8 can only access characters
       * by index on string literals, not string objects.
       *
       * @memberOf _.support
       * @type boolean
       */
      support.unindexedChars = ('x'[0] + Object('x')[0]) != 'xx';

      /**
       * Detect if the DOM is supported.
       *
       * @memberOf _.support
       * @type boolean
       */
      try {
        support.dom = document.createDocumentFragment().nodeType === 11;
      } catch(e) {
        support.dom = false;
      }

      /**
       * Detect if the `[[Class]]` of DOM nodes is resolvable (all but IE < 9)
       * and that the JS engine errors when attempting to coerce an object to a
       * string without a `toString` function.
       *
       * @memberOf _.support
       * @type boolean
       */
      try {
        support.nodeClass = !(toString.call(document) == objectClass && !({ 'toString': 0 } + ''));
      } catch(e) {
        support.nodeClass = true;
      }

      /**
       * Detect if `arguments` object indexes are non-enumerable.
       *
       * In Firefox < 4, IE < 9, PhantomJS, and Safari < 5.1 `arguments` object
       * indexes are non-enumerable. Chrome < 25 and Node.js < 0.11.0 treat
       * `arguments` object indexes as non-enumerable and fail `hasOwnProperty`
       * checks for indexes that exceed their function's formal parameters with
       * associated values of `0`.
       *
       * @memberOf _.support
       * @type boolean
       */
      try {
        support.nonEnumArgs = !(argsKey == '1' && hasOwnProperty.call(arguments, argsKey) &&
          propertyIsEnumerable.call(arguments, argsKey));
      } catch(e) {
        support.nonEnumArgs = true;
      }
    }(0, 0));

    /**
     * By default, the template delimiters used by Lo-Dash are similar to those
     * in embedded Ruby (ERB). Change the following template settings to use
     * alternative delimiters.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @type Object
     */
    lodash.templateSettings = {

      /**
       * Used to detect `data` property values to be HTML-escaped.
       *
       * @memberOf _.templateSettings
       * @type RegExp
       */
      'escape': reEscape,

      /**
       * Used to detect code to be evaluated.
       *
       * @memberOf _.templateSettings
       * @type RegExp
       */
      'evaluate': reEvaluate,

      /**
       * Used to detect `data` property values to inject.
       *
       * @memberOf _.templateSettings
       * @type RegExp
       */
      'interpolate': reInterpolate,

      /**
       * Used to reference the data object in the template text.
       *
       * @memberOf _.templateSettings
       * @type string
       */
      'variable': '',

      /**
       * Used to import variables into the compiled template.
       *
       * @memberOf _.templateSettings
       * @type Object
       */
      'imports': {

        /**
         * A reference to the `lodash` function.
         *
         * @memberOf _.templateSettings.imports
         * @type Function
         */
        '_': lodash
      }
    };

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * A specialized version of `_.forEach` for arrays without support for
     * callback shorthands or `this` binding.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
     */
    function arrayEach(array, callback) {
      var index = -1,
          length = array ? array.length : 0;

      while (++index < length) {
        if (callback(array[index], index, array) === false) {
          break;
        }
      }
      return array;
    }

    /**
     * A specialized version of `_.forEachRight` for arrays without support for
     * callback shorthands or `this` binding.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
     */
    function arrayEachRight(array, callback) {
      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
      while (length--) {
        if (callback(array[length], length, array) === false) {
          break;
        }
      }
      return array;
    }

    /**
     * A specialized version of `_.map` for arrays without support for callback
     * shorthands or `this` binding.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new mapped array.
     */
    function arrayMap(array, callback) {
      var index = -1,
          length = array ? array.length >>> 0 : 0,
          result = Array(length);

      while (++index < length) {
        result[index] = callback(array[index], index, array);
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Used by `_.defaults` to customize its `_.assign` use.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {*} objectValue The destination object property value.
     * @param {*} sourceValue The source object property value.
     * @returns {*} Returns the value to assign to the destination object.
     */
    function assignDefaults(objectValue, sourceValue) {
      return typeof objectValue == 'undefined' ? sourceValue : objectValue;
    }

    /**
     * Used by `_.template` to customize its `_.assign` use.
     *
     * Note: This method is like `assignDefaults` except that it ignores
     * inherited property values when checking if a property is `undefined`.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {*} objectValue The destination object property value.
     * @param {*} sourceValue The source object property value.
     * @param {string} key The key associated with the object and source values.
     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
     * @returns {*} Returns the value to assign to the destination object.
     */
    function assignOwnDefaults(objectValue, sourceValue, key, object) {
      return (!hasOwnProperty.call(object, key) || typeof objectValue == 'undefined')
        ? sourceValue
        : objectValue
    }

    /**
     * The base implementation of `_.bind` that creates the bound function and
     * sets its metadata.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Array} data The metadata array.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
     */
    function baseBind(data) {
      var func = data[0],
          thisArg = data[3],
          partialArgs = data[4],
          partialHolders = data[6];

      function bound() {
        // `Function#bind` spec
        // http://es5.github.io/#x15.3.4.5
        if (partialArgs) {
          // avoid `arguments` object use disqualifying optimizations by
          // converting it to an array before passing it to `composeArgs`
          var length = arguments.length,
              args = Array(length);

          while (length--) {
            args[length] = arguments[length];
          }
          args = composeArgs(partialArgs, partialHolders, args);
        }
        // mimic the constructor's `return` behavior
        // http://es5.github.io/#x13.2.2
        if (this instanceof bound) {
          // ensure `new bound` is an instance of `func`
          var thisBinding = baseCreate(func.prototype),
              result = func.apply(thisBinding, args || arguments);

          return isObject(result) ? result : thisBinding;
        }
        return func.apply(thisArg, args || arguments);
      }
      setData(bound, data);
      return bound;
    }

    /**
     * The base implementation of `_.clone` without argument juggling or support
     * for `this` binding.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {*} value The value to clone.
     * @param {boolean} [isDeep=false] Specify a deep clone.
     * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize cloning values.
     * @param {Array} [stackA=[]] Tracks traversed source objects.
     * @param {Array} [stackB=[]] Associates clones with source counterparts.
     * @returns {*} Returns the cloned value.
     */
    function baseClone(value, isDeep, callback, stackA, stackB) {
      var result = callback ? callback(value) : undefined;
      if (typeof result != 'undefined') {
        return result;
      }
      var isObj = isObject(value);
      if (isObj) {
        var className = toString.call(value);
        if (!cloneableClasses[className] || (!support.nodeClass && isNode(value))) {
          return value;
        }
        var ctor = ctorByClass[className];
        switch (className) {
          case boolClass:
          case dateClass:
            return new ctor(+value);

          case numberClass:
          case stringClass:
            return new ctor(value);

          case regexpClass:
            result = ctor(value.source, reFlags.exec(value));
            result.lastIndex = value.lastIndex;
            return result;
        }
      } else {
        return value;
      }
      var isArr = isArray(value);
      if (isDeep) {
        // check for circular references and return corresponding clone
        stackA || (stackA = []);
        stackB || (stackB = []);

        var length = stackA.length;
        while (length--) {
          if (stackA[length] == value) {
            return stackB[length];
          }
        }
        result = isArr ? ctor(value.length) : {};
      }
      else {
        result = isArr ? slice(value) : assign({}, value);
      }
      // add array properties assigned by `RegExp#exec`
      if (isArr) {
        if (hasOwnProperty.call(value, 'index')) {
          result.index = value.index;
        }
        if (hasOwnProperty.call(value, 'input')) {
          result.input = value.input;
        }
      }
      // exit for shallow clone
      if (!isDeep) {
        return result;
      }
      // add the source value to the stack of traversed objects
      // and associate it with its clone
      stackA.push(value);
      stackB.push(result);

      // recursively populate clone (susceptible to call stack limits)
      (isArr ? arrayEach : baseForOwn)(value, function(valValue, key) {
        var valClone = callback ? callback(valValue, key) : undefined;
        result[key] = typeof valClone == 'undefined'
          ? baseClone(valValue, isDeep, null, stackA, stackB)
          : valClone;
      });

      return result;
    }

    /**
     * The base implementation of `_.create` without support for assigning
     * properties to the created object.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Object} prototype The object to inherit from.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
     */
    function baseCreate(prototype) {
      return isObject(prototype) ? nativeCreate(prototype) : {};
    }
    // fallback for environments without `Object.create`
    if (!nativeCreate) {
      baseCreate = (function() {
        function Object() {}
        return function(prototype) {
          if (isObject(prototype)) {
            Object.prototype = prototype;
            var result = new Object;
            Object.prototype = null;
          }
          return result || context.Object();
        };
      }());
    }

    /**
     * The base implementation of `_.createCallback` without support for creating
     * "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callbacks.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {*} [func=identity] The value to convert to a callback.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of the created callback.
     * @param {number} [argCount] The number of arguments the callback accepts.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
     */
    function baseCreateCallback(func, thisArg, argCount) {
      if (typeof func != 'function') {
        return identity;
      }
      // exit early for no `thisArg` or already bound by `Function#bind`
      if (typeof thisArg == 'undefined' || !('prototype' in func)) {
        return func;
      }
      var data = func[expando];
      if (typeof data == 'undefined') {
        if (support.funcNames) {
          data = !func.name;
        }
        data = data || !support.funcDecomp;
        if (!data) {
          var source = fnToString.call(func);
          if (!support.funcNames) {
            data = !reFuncName.test(source);
          }
          if (!data) {
            // checks if `func` references the `this` keyword and stores the result
            data = reThis.test(source);
            setData(func, data);
          }
        }
      }
      // exit early if there are no `this` references or `func` is bound
      if (data === false || (data !== true && data[1] & BIND_FLAG)) {
        return func;
      }
      switch (argCount) {
        case 1: return function(value) {
          return func.call(thisArg, value);
        };
        case 2: return function(value, other) {
          return func.call(thisArg, value, other);
        };
        case 3: return function(value, index, collection) {
          return func.call(thisArg, value, index, collection);
        };
        case 4: return function(accumulator, value, index, collection) {
          return func.call(thisArg, accumulator, value, index, collection);
        };
      }
      return bind(func, thisArg);
    }

    /**
     * The base implementation of `createWrapper` that creates the wrapper and
     * sets its metadata.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Array} data The metadata array.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
     */
    function baseCreateWrapper(data) {
      var func = data[0],
          bitmask = data[1],
          arity = data[2],
          thisArg = data[3],
          partialArgs = data[4],
          partialRightArgs = data[5],
          partialHolders = data[6],
          partialRightHolders = data[7];

      var isBind = bitmask & BIND_FLAG,
          isBindKey = bitmask & BIND_KEY_FLAG,
          isCurry = bitmask & CURRY_FLAG,
          isCurryBound = bitmask & CURRY_BOUND_FLAG,
          key = func;

      function bound() {
        var index = -1,
            length = arguments.length,
            args = Array(length);

        while (++index < length) {
          args[index] = arguments[index];
        }
        if (partialArgs) {
          args = composeArgs(partialArgs, partialHolders, args);
        }
        if (partialRightArgs) {
          args = composeArgsRight(partialRightArgs, partialRightHolders, args);
        }
        if (isCurry) {
          var newPartialHolders = getHolders(args);
          length -= newPartialHolders.length;

          if (length < arity) {
            bitmask |= PARTIAL_FLAG;
            bitmask &= ~PARTIAL_RIGHT_FLAG
            if (!isCurryBound) {
              bitmask &= ~(BIND_FLAG | BIND_KEY_FLAG);
            }
            var newArity = nativeMax(arity - length, 0);
            return baseCreateWrapper([func, bitmask, newArity, thisArg, args, null, newPartialHolders]);
          }
        }
        var thisBinding = isBind ? thisArg : this;
        if (isBindKey) {
          func = thisBinding[key];
        }
        if (this instanceof bound) {
          thisBinding = baseCreate(func.prototype);
          var result = func.apply(thisBinding, args);
          return isObject(result) ? result : thisBinding;
        }
        return func.apply(thisBinding, args);
      }
      setData(bound, data);
      return bound;
    }

    /**
     * The base implementation of `_.difference` that accepts a single array
     * of values to exclude.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Array} array The array to process.
     * @param {Array} [values] The array of values to exclude.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of filtered values.
     */
    function baseDifference(array, values) {
      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
      if (!length) {
        return [];
      }
      var index = -1,
          indexOf = getIndexOf(),
          prereq = indexOf === baseIndexOf,
          isLarge = prereq && createCache && values && values.length >= 200,
          isCommon = prereq && !isLarge,
          result = [],
          valuesLength = values ? values.length : 0;

      if (isLarge) {
        indexOf = cacheIndexOf;
        values = createCache(values);
      }
      outer:
      while (++index < length) {
        var value = array[index];

        if (isCommon) {
          var valuesIndex = valuesLength;
          while (valuesIndex--) {
            if (values[valuesIndex] === value) {
              continue outer;
            }
          }
          result.push(value);
        }
        else if (indexOf(values, value) < 0) {
          result.push(value);
        }
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * The base implementation of `_.forEach` without support for callback
     * shorthands or `this` binding.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
     * @returns {Array|Object|string} Returns `collection`.
     */
    function baseEach(collection, callback) {
      var index = -1,
          iterable = collection,
          length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

      if (typeof length == 'number' && length > -1 && length <= maxSafeInteger) {
        if (support.unindexedChars && isString(iterable)) {
          iterable = iterable.split('');
        }
        while (++index < length) {
          if (callback(iterable[index], index, collection) === false) {
            break;
          }
        }
      } else {
        baseForOwn(collection, callback);
      }
      return collection;
    }

    /**
     * The base implementation of `_.forEachRight` without support for callback
     * shorthands or `this` binding.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
     * @returns {Array|Object|string} Returns `collection`.
     */
    function baseEachRight(collection, callback) {
      var iterable = collection,
          length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

      if (typeof length == 'number' && length > -1 && length <= maxSafeInteger) {
        if (support.unindexedChars && isString(iterable)) {
          iterable = iterable.split('');
        }
        while (length--) {
          if (callback(iterable[length], length, collection) === false) {
            break;
          }
        }
      } else {
        baseForOwnRight(collection, callback);
      }
      return collection;
    }

    /**
     * The base implementation of `_.find`, `_.findLast`, `_.findKey`, and `_.findLastKey`
     * without support for callback shorthands or `this` binding which iterates
     * over `collection` using the provided `eachFunc`.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to search.
     * @param {Function} predicate The function called per iteration.
     * @param {Function} eachFunc The function to iterate over the collection.
     * @param {boolean} [retKey=false] A flag to indicate returning the key of
     *  the found element instead of the element itself.
     * @returns {*} Returns the found element or its key, else `undefined`.
     */
    function baseFind(collection, predicate, eachFunc, retKey) {
      var result;

      eachFunc(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
        if (predicate(value, key, collection)) {
          result = retKey ? key : value;
          return false;
        }
      });
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * The base implementation of `_.flatten` without support for callback
     * shorthands or `this` binding.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Array} array The array to flatten.
     * @param {boolean} [isShallow=false] A flag to restrict flattening to a single level.
     * @param {boolean} [isStrict=false] A flag to restrict flattening to arrays and `arguments` objects.
     * @param {number} [fromIndex=0] The index to start from.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new flattened array.
     */
    function baseFlatten(array, isShallow, isStrict, fromIndex) {
      var index = (fromIndex || 0) - 1,
          length = array ? array.length : 0,
          result = [];

      while (++index < length) {
        var value = array[index];

        if (value && typeof value == 'object' && typeof value.length == 'number'
            && (isArray(value) || isArguments(value))) {
          // recursively flatten arrays (susceptible to call stack limits)
          if (!isShallow) {
            value = baseFlatten(value, isShallow, isStrict);
          }
          var valIndex = -1,
              valLength = value.length,
              resIndex = result.length;

          result.length += valLength;
          while (++valIndex < valLength) {
            result[resIndex++] = value[valIndex];
          }
        } else if (!isStrict) {
          result.push(value);
        }
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * The base implementation of `baseForIn` and `baseForOwn` which iterates
     * over `object` properties returned by `keysFunc` executing the callback
     * for each property. Callbacks may exit iteration early by explicitly
     * returning `false`.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
     * @param {Function} keysFunc The function to get the keys of `object`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
     */
    function baseFor(object, callback, keysFunc) {
      var index = -1,
          props = keysFunc(object),
          length = props.length;

      while (++index < length) {
        var key = props[index];
        if (callback(object[key], key, object) === false) {
          break;
        }
      }
      return object;
    }

    /**
     * This function is like `baseFor` except that it iterates over properties
     * in the opposite order.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
     * @param {Function} keysFunc The function to get the keys of `object`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
     */
    function baseForRight(object, callback, keysFunc) {
      var props = keysFunc(object),
          length = props.length;

      while (length--) {
        var key = props[length];
        if (callback(object[key], key, object) === false) {
          break;
        }
      }
      return object;
    }

    /**
     * The base implementation of `_.forIn` without support for callback
     * shorthands or `this` binding.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
     */
    function baseForIn(object, callback) {
      return baseFor(object, callback, keysIn);
    }

    /**
     * The base implementation of `_.forOwn` without support for callback
     * shorthands or `this` binding.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
     */
    function baseForOwn(object, callback) {
      return baseFor(object, callback, keys);
    }

    /**
     * The base implementation of `_.forOwnRight` without support for callback
     * shorthands or `this` binding.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
     */
    function baseForOwnRight(object, callback) {
      return baseForRight(object, callback, keys);
    }

    /**
     * The base implementation of `_.functions` which creates a sorted array of
     * function property names from those returned by `keysFunc`.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
     * @param {Function} keysFunc The function to get the keys of `object`.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new sorted array of property names.
     */
    function baseFunctions(object, keysFunc) {
      var index = -1,
          props = keysFunc(object),
          length = props.length,
          result = [];

      while (++index < length) {
        var key = props[index];
        if (isFunction(object[key])) {
          result.push(key);
        }
      }
      return result.sort();
    }

    /**
     * The base implementation of `_.isEqual`, without support for `thisArg`
     * binding, that allows partial "_.where" style comparisons.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {*} value The value to compare to `other`.
     * @param {*} other The value to compare to `value`.
     * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize comparing values.
     * @param {Function} [isWhere=false] A flag to indicate performing partial comparisons.
     * @param {Array} [stackA=[]] Tracks traversed `value` objects.
     * @param {Array} [stackB=[]] Tracks traversed `other` objects.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the values are equivalent, else `false`.
     */
    function baseIsEqual(value, other, callback, isWhere, stackA, stackB) {
      var result = callback ? callback(value, other) : undefined;
      if (typeof result != 'undefined') {
        return !!result;
      }
      // exit early for identical values
      if (value === other) {
        // treat `+0` vs. `-0` as not equal
        return value !== 0 || (1 / value == 1 / other);
      }
      var valType = typeof value,
          othType = typeof other;

      // exit early for unlike primitive values
      if (value === value && (value == null || other == null ||
          (valType != 'function' && valType != 'object' && othType != 'function' && othType != 'object'))) {
        return false;
      }
      var valClass = toString.call(value),
          othClass = toString.call(other),
          valIsArg = valClass == argsClass,
          othIsArg = othClass == argsClass;

      if (valIsArg) {
        valClass = objectClass;
      }
      if (othIsArg) {
        othClass = objectClass;
      }
      if (valClass != othClass) {
        return false;
      }
      switch (valClass) {
        case boolClass:
        case dateClass:
          // coerce dates and booleans to numbers, dates to milliseconds and booleans
          // to `1` or `0` treating invalid dates coerced to `NaN` as not equal
          return +value == +other;

        case numberClass:
          // treat `NaN` vs. `NaN` as equal
          return (value != +value)
            ? other != +other
            // but treat `-0` vs. `+0` as not equal
            : (value == 0 ? (1 / value == 1 / other) : value == +other);

        case regexpClass:
        case stringClass:
          // coerce regexes to strings (http://es5.github.io/#x15.10.6.4)
          // treat string primitives and their corresponding object instances as equal
          return value == String(other);
      }
      var isArr = valClass == arrayClass;
      if (!isArr) {
        // exit for functions and DOM nodes
        if (valClass != objectClass || (!support.nodeClass && (isNode(value) || isNode(other)))) {
          return false;
        }
        // unwrap any `lodash` wrapped values
        var valWrapped = hasOwnProperty.call(value, '__wrapped__'),
            othWrapped = hasOwnProperty.call(other, '__wrapped__');

        if (valWrapped || othWrapped) {
          return baseIsEqual(valWrapped ? value.__wrapped__ : value, othWrapped ? other.__wrapped__ : other, callback, isWhere, stackA, stackB);
        }
        if (!support.argsObject) {
          valIsArg = isArguments(value);
          othIsArg = isArguments(other);
        }
        var hasValCtor = !valIsArg && hasOwnProperty.call(value, 'constructor'),
            hasOthCtor = !othIsArg && hasOwnProperty.call(other, 'constructor');

        if (hasValCtor != hasOthCtor) {
          return false;
        }
        if (!hasValCtor) {
          // in older versions of Opera, `arguments` objects have `Array` constructors
          var valCtor = valIsArg ? Object : value.constructor,
              othCtor = othIsArg ? Object : other.constructor;

          // non `Object` object instances with different constructors are not equal
          if (valCtor != othCtor &&
                !(isFunction(valCtor) && valCtor instanceof valCtor && isFunction(othCtor) && othCtor instanceof othCtor) &&
                ('constructor' in value && 'constructor' in other)
              ) {
            return false;
          }
        }
      }
      // assume cyclic structures are equal
      // the algorithm for detecting cyclic structures is adapted from ES 5.1
      // section 15.12.3, abstract operation `JO` (http://es5.github.io/#x15.12.3)
      stackA || (stackA = []);
      stackB || (stackB = []);

      var length = stackA.length;
      while (length--) {
        if (stackA[length] == value) {
          return stackB[length] == other;
        }
      }
      var size = 0;
      result = true;

      // add `value` and `other` to the stack of traversed objects
      stackA.push(value);
      stackB.push(other);

      // recursively compare objects and arrays (susceptible to call stack limits)
      if (isArr) {
        // compare lengths to determine if a deep comparison is necessary
        length = value.length;
        size = other.length;
        result = size == length;

        if (result || isWhere) {
          // deep compare the contents, ignoring non-numeric properties
          while (size--) {
            var index = length,
                othValue = other[size];

            if (isWhere) {
              while (index--) {
                if ((result = baseIsEqual(value[index], othValue, callback, isWhere, stackA, stackB))) {
                  break;
                }
              }
            } else {
              result = callback ? callback(value, other, key) : undefined;
              result = typeof result == 'undefined'
                ? baseIsEqual(value[size], othValue, callback, isWhere, stackA, stackB)
                : !!result;
            }
            if (!result) {
              break;
            }
          }
        }
      }
      else {
        // deep compare objects using `forIn`, instead of `forOwn`, to avoid `Object.keys`
        // which, in this case, is more costly
        baseForIn(other, function(othValue, key, other) {
          if (hasOwnProperty.call(other, key)) {
            result = false;
            // count the number of properties
            size++;
            // deep compare each property value
            if (hasOwnProperty.call(value, key)) {
              result = callback ? callback(value, other, key) : undefined;
              result = typeof result == 'undefined'
                ? baseIsEqual(value[key], othValue, callback, isWhere, stackA, stackB)
                : !!result;
            }
            return result;
          }
        });

        if (result && !isWhere) {
          // ensure both objects have the same number of properties
          baseForIn(value, function(valValue, key, value) {
            if (hasOwnProperty.call(value, key)) {
              // `size` will be `-1` if `value` has more properties than `other`
              return (result = --size > -1);
            }
          });
        }
      }
      stackA.pop();
      stackB.pop();

      return result;
    }

    /**
     * The base implementation of `_.merge` without argument juggling or support
     * for `this` binding.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
     * @param {Object} source The source object.
     * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize merging properties.
     * @param {Array} [stackA=[]] Tracks traversed source objects.
     * @param {Array} [stackB=[]] Associates values with source counterparts.
     */
    function baseMerge(object, source, callback, stackA, stackB) {
      (isArray(source) ? arrayEach : baseForOwn)(source, function(srcValue, key, source) {
        var isArr = srcValue && isArray(srcValue),
            isObj = srcValue && isPlainObject(srcValue),
            value = object[key];

        if (!(isArr || isObj)) {
          result = callback ? callback(value, srcValue, key, object, source) : undefined;
          if (typeof result == 'undefined') {
            result = srcValue;
          }
          if (typeof result != 'undefined') {
            value = result;
          }
          object[key] = value;
          return;
        }
        // avoid merging previously merged cyclic sources
        var length = stackA.length;
        while (length--) {
          if (stackA[length] == srcValue) {
            object[key] = stackB[length];
            return;
          }
        }
        var result = callback ? callback(value, srcValue, key, object, source) : undefined,
            isShallow = typeof result != 'undefined';

        if (isShallow) {
          value = result;
        } else {
          value = isArr
            ? (isArray(value) ? value : [])
            : (isPlainObject(value) ? value : {});
        }
        // add `source` and associated `value` to the stack of traversed objects
        stackA.push(srcValue);
        stackB.push(value);

        // recursively merge objects and arrays (susceptible to call stack limits)
        if (!isShallow) {
          baseMerge(value, srcValue, callback, stackA, stackB);
        }
        object[key] = value;
      });
    }

    /**
     * The base implementation of `_.random` without argument juggling or support
     * for returning floating-point numbers.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {number} min The minimum possible value.
     * @param {number} max The maximum possible value.
     * @returns {number} Returns the random number.
     */
    function baseRandom(min, max) {
      return min + floor(nativeRandom() * (max - min + 1));
    }

    /**
     * The base implementation of `_.uniq` without support for callback shorthands
     * or `this` binding.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Array} array The array to process.
     * @param {boolean} [isSorted=false] A flag to indicate that `array` is sorted.
     * @param {Function} [callback] The function called per iteration.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new duplicate-value-free array.
     */
    function baseUniq(array, isSorted, callback) {
      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
      if (!length) {
        return [];
      }
      var index = -1,
          indexOf = getIndexOf(),
          prereq = !isSorted && indexOf === baseIndexOf,
          isLarge = prereq && createCache && length >= 200,
          isCommon = prereq && !isLarge,
          result = [];

      if (isLarge) {
        var seen = createCache();
        indexOf = cacheIndexOf;
      } else {
        seen = (callback && !isSorted) ? [] : result;
      }
      outer:
      while (++index < length) {
        var value = array[index],
            computed = callback ? callback(value, index, array) : value;

        if (isCommon) {
          var seenIndex = seen.length;
          while (seenIndex--) {
            if (seen[seenIndex] === computed) {
              continue outer;
            }
          }
          if (callback) {
            seen.push(computed);
          }
          result.push(value);
        }
        else if (isSorted) {
          if (!index || seen !== computed) {
            seen = computed;
            result.push(value);
          }
        }
        else if (indexOf(seen, computed) < 0) {
          if (callback || isLarge) {
            seen.push(computed);
          }
          result.push(value);
        }
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * The base implementation of `_.values` and `_.valuesIn` which creates an
     * array of `object` property values corresponding to the property names
     * returned by `keysFunc`.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
     * @param {Function} keysFunc The function to get the keys of `object`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the array of property values.
     */
    function baseValues(object, keysFunc) {
      var index = -1,
          props = keysFunc(object),
          length = props.length,
          result = Array(length);

      while (++index < length) {
        result[index] = object[props[index]];
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Compiles a function from `source` using the `varNames` and `varValues`
     * pairs to import free variables into the compiled function. If `sourceURL`
     * is provided it will be used as the sourceURL for the compiled function.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {string} source The source to compile.
     * @param {Array} varNames An array of free variable names.
     * @param {Array} varValues An array of free variable values.
     * @param {string} [sourceURL=''] The sourceURL of the source.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the compiled function.
     */
    function compileFunction(source, varNames, varValues, sourceURL) {
      sourceURL = sourceURL ? ('\n/*\n//# sourceURL=' + sourceURL + '\n*/') : '';
      try {
        // provide the compiled function's source by its `toString` method or
        // the `source` property as a convenience for inlining compiled templates
        var result = Function(varNames, 'return ' + source + sourceURL).apply(undefined, varValues);
        result.source = source;
      } catch(e) {
        e.source = source;
        throw e;
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array that is the composition of partially applied arguments,
     * placeholders, and provided arguments into a single array of arguments.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Array} partialArgs An array of arguments to prepend to those provided.
     * @param {Array} partialHolders An array of `partialArgs` placeholder indexes.
     * @param {Array|Object} args The provided arguments.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of composed arguments.
     */
    function composeArgs(partialArgs, partialHolders, args) {
      var holdersLength = partialHolders.length,
          argsIndex = -1,
          argsLength = nativeMax(args.length - holdersLength, 0),
          leftIndex = -1,
          leftLength = partialArgs.length,
          result = Array(argsLength + leftLength);

      while (++leftIndex < leftLength) {
        result[leftIndex] = partialArgs[leftIndex];
      }
      while (++argsIndex < holdersLength) {
        result[partialHolders[argsIndex]] = args[argsIndex];
      }
      while (argsLength--) {
        result[leftIndex++] = args[argsIndex++];
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * This function is like `composeArgs` except that the arguments composition
     * is tailored for `_.partialRight`.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Array} partialRightArgs An array of arguments to append to those provided.
     * @param {Array} partialHolders An array of `partialRightArgs` placeholder indexes.
     * @param {Array|Object} args The provided arguments.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of composed arguments.
     */
    function composeArgsRight(partialRightArgs, partialRightHolders, args) {
      var holdersIndex = -1,
          holdersLength = partialRightHolders.length,
          argsIndex = -1,
          argsLength = nativeMax(args.length - holdersLength, 0),
          rightIndex = -1,
          rightLength = partialRightArgs.length,
          result = Array(argsLength + rightLength);

      while (++argsIndex < argsLength) {
        result[argsIndex] = args[argsIndex];
      }
      var pad = argsIndex;
      while (++rightIndex < rightLength) {
        result[pad + rightIndex] = partialRightArgs[rightIndex];
      }
      while (++holdersIndex < holdersLength) {
        result[pad + partialRightHolders[holdersIndex]] = args[argsIndex++];
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function that aggregates a collection, creating an accumulator
     * object composed from the results of running each element in the collection
     * through a callback. The given setter function sets the keys and values of
     * the accumulator object. If `initializer` is provided it will be used to
     * initialize the accumulator object.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Function} setter The function to set keys and values of the accumulator object.
     * @param {Function} [initializer] The function to initialize the accumulator object.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new aggregator function.
     */
    function createAggregator(setter, initializer) {
      return function(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var result = initializer ? initializer() : {};
        callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);

        if (isArray(collection)) {
          var index = -1,
              length = collection.length;

          while (++index < length) {
            var value = collection[index];
            setter(result, value, callback(value, index, collection), collection);
          }
        } else {
          baseEach(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
            setter(result, value, callback(value, key, collection), collection);
          });
        }
        return result;
      };
    }

    /**
     * Creates a cache object to optimize linear searches of large arrays.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Array} [array=[]] The array to search.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the new cache object.
     */
    var createCache = Set && function(array) {
      var cache = new Set,
          length = array ? array.length : 0;

      cache.push = cache.add;
      while (length--) {
        cache.push(array[length]);
      }
      return cache;
    };

    /**
     * Creates the pad required for `string` based on the given padding length.
     * The `chars` string may be truncated if the number of padding characters
     * exceeds the padding length.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {string} string The string to create padding for.
     * @param {number} [length=0] The padding length.
     * @param {string} [chars=' '] The string used as padding.
     * @returns {string} Returns the pad for `string`.
     */
    function createPad(string, length, chars) {
      var strLength = string.length;
      length = +length;

      if (strLength >= length || !nativeIsFinite(length)) {
        return '';
      }
      var padLength = length - strLength;
      chars = chars == null ? ' ' : String(chars);
      return repeat(chars, ceil(padLength / chars.length)).slice(0, padLength);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function that either curries or invokes `func` with an optional
     * `this` binding and partially applied arguments.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Function|string} func The function or method name to reference.
     * @param {number} bitmask The bitmask of flags to compose.
     *  The bitmask may be composed of the following flags:
     *  1  - `_.bind`
     *  2  - `_.bindKey`
     *  4  - `_.curry`
     *  8  - `_.curry` (bound)
     *  16 - `_.partial`
     *  32 - `_.partialRight`
     * @param {number} [arity] The arity of `func`.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
     * @param {Array} [partialArgs] An array of arguments to prepend to those
     *  provided to the new function.
     * @param {Array} [partialRightArgs] An array of arguments to append to those
     *  provided to the new function.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
     */
    function createWrapper(func, bitmask, arity, thisArg, partialArgs, partialRightArgs) {
      var isBind = bitmask & BIND_FLAG,
          isBindKey = bitmask & BIND_KEY_FLAG,
          isPartial = bitmask & PARTIAL_FLAG,
          isPartialRight = bitmask & PARTIAL_RIGHT_FLAG;

      if (!isBindKey && !isFunction(func)) {
        throw new TypeError(funcErrorText);
      }
      if (isPartial && !partialArgs.length) {
        bitmask &= ~PARTIAL_FLAG;
        isPartial = partialArgs = false;
      }
      if (isPartialRight && !partialRightArgs.length) {
        bitmask &= ~PARTIAL_RIGHT_FLAG;
        isPartialRight = partialRightArgs = false;
      }
      var data = !isBindKey && func[expando];
      if (data && data !== true) {
        // shallow clone `data`
        data = slice(data);

        // clone partial left arguments
        if (data[4]) {
          data[4] = slice(data[4]);
        }
        // clone partial right arguments
        if (data[5]) {
          data[5] = slice(data[5]);
        }
        // set arity if provided
        if (typeof arity == 'number') {
          data[2] = arity;
        }
        // set `thisArg` if not previously bound
        var bound = data[1] & BIND_FLAG;
        if (isBind && !bound) {
          data[3] = thisArg;
        }
        // set if currying a bound function
        if (!isBind && bound) {
          bitmask |= CURRY_BOUND_FLAG;
        }
        // append partial left arguments
        if (isPartial) {
          if (data[4]) {
            push.apply(data[4], partialArgs);
          } else {
            data[4] = partialArgs;
          }
        }
        // prepend partial right arguments
        if (isPartialRight) {
          if (data[5]) {
            unshift.apply(data[5], partialRightArgs);
          } else {
            data[5] = partialRightArgs;
          }
        }
        // merge flags
        data[1] |= bitmask;
        return createWrapper.apply(null, data);
      }
      if (isPartial) {
        var partialHolders = getHolders(partialArgs);
      }
      if (isPartialRight) {
        var partialRightHolders = getHolders(partialRightArgs);
      }
      if (arity == null) {
        arity = isBindKey ? 0 : func.length;
      }
      arity = nativeMax(arity, 0);

      // fast path for `_.bind`
      data = [func, bitmask, arity, thisArg, partialArgs, partialRightArgs, partialHolders, partialRightHolders];
      return (bitmask == BIND_FLAG || bitmask == (BIND_FLAG | PARTIAL_FLAG))
        ? baseBind(data)
        : baseCreateWrapper(data);
    }

    /**
     * Finds the indexes of all placeholder elements in `array`.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of placeholder indexes.
     */
    function getHolders(array) {
      var index = -1,
          length = array.length,
          result = [];

      while (++index < length) {
        if (array[index] === lodash) {
          result.push(index);
        }
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the appropriate "indexOf" function. If the `_.indexOf` method is
     * customized this function returns the custom method, otherwise it returns
     * the `baseIndexOf` function.
     *
     * @private
     * @returns {Function} Returns the "indexOf" function.
     */
    function getIndexOf() {
      var result = lodash.indexOf || indexOf;
      return result === indexOf ? baseIndexOf : result;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is a native function.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {*} value The value to check.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a native function, else `false`.
     */
    function isNative(value) {
      return typeof value == 'function' && reNative.test(fnToString.call(value));
    }

    /**
     * Sets wrapper metadata on a given function.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Function} func The function to set data on.
     * @param {Array} value The data array to set.
     */
    var setData = !defineProperty ? noop : function(func, value) {
      descriptor.value = value;
      defineProperty(func, expando, descriptor);
      descriptor.value = null;
    };

    /**
     * A fallback implementation of `_.isPlainObject` which checks if `value`
     * is an object created by the `Object` constructor or has a `[[Prototype]]`
     * of `null`.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {*} value The value to check.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a plain object, else `false`.
     */
    function shimIsPlainObject(value) {
      var ctor,
          result;

      // avoid non `Object` objects, `arguments` objects, and DOM elements
      if (!(value && toString.call(value) == objectClass) ||
          (!hasOwnProperty.call(value, 'constructor') &&
            (ctor = value.constructor, isFunction(ctor) && !(ctor instanceof ctor))) ||
          (!support.argsClass && isArguments(value)) ||
          (!support.nodeClass && isNode(value))) {
        return false;
      }
      // IE < 9 iterates inherited properties before own properties. If the first
      // iterated property is an object's own property then there are no inherited
      // enumerable properties.
      if (support.ownLast) {
        baseForIn(value, function(value, key, object) {
          result = hasOwnProperty.call(object, key);
          return false;
        });
        return result !== false;
      }
      // In most environments an object's own properties are iterated before
      // its inherited properties. If the last iterated property is an object's
      // own property then there are no inherited enumerable properties.
      baseForIn(value, function(value, key) {
        result = key;
      });
      return typeof result == 'undefined' || hasOwnProperty.call(value, result);
    }

    /**
     * A fallback implementation of `Object.keys` which creates an array of the
     * own enumerable property names of `object`.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of property names.
     */
    function shimKeys(object) {
      var keyIndex,
          index = -1,
          props = keysIn(object),
          length = props.length,
          objLength = length && object.length,
          maxIndex = objLength - 1,
          result = [];

      var allowIndexes = typeof objLength == 'number' && objLength > 0 &&
        (isArray(object) || (support.nonEnumArgs && isArguments(object)) ||
          (support.nonEnumStrings && isString(object)));

      while (++index < length) {
        var key = props[index];
        if ((allowIndexes && (keyIndex = +key, keyIndex > -1 && keyIndex <= maxIndex && keyIndex % 1 == 0)) ||
            hasOwnProperty.call(object, key)) {
          result.push(key);
        }
      }
      return result;
    }

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * Creates an array with all falsey values removed. The values `false`, `null`,
     * `0`, `""`, `undefined`, and `NaN` are all falsey.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to compact.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of filtered values.
     * @example
     *
     * _.compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3]);
     * // => [1, 2, 3]
     */
    function compact(array) {
      var index = -1,
          length = array ? array.length : 0,
          resIndex = 0,
          result = [];

      while (++index < length) {
        var value = array[index];
        if (value) {
          result[resIndex++] = value;
        }
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array excluding all values of the provided arrays using strict
     * equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to process.
     * @param {...Array} [values] The arrays of values to exclude.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of filtered values.
     * @example
     *
     * _.difference([1, 2, 3], [5, 2, 10]);
     * // => [1, 3]
     */
    function difference() {
      var index = -1,
          length = arguments.length;

      while (++index < length) {
        var value = arguments[index];
        if (isArray(value) || isArguments(value)) {
          break;
        }
      }
      return baseDifference(arguments[index], baseFlatten(arguments, true, true, ++index));
    }

    /**
     * Creates a slice of `array` with `n` elements dropped from the beginning.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @type Function
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
     * @param {number} [n=1] The number of elements to drop.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.drop([1, 2, 3], 1);
     * // => [2, 3]
     *
     * _.drop([1, 2, 3], 2);
     * // => [3]
     *
     * _.drop([1, 2, 3], 5);
     * // => []
     *
     * _.drop([1, 2, 3], 0);
     * // => [1, 2, 3]
     */
    var drop = rest;

    /**
     * Creates a slice of `array` with `n` elements dropped from the end.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @type Function
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
     * @param {number} [n=1] The number of elements to drop.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.dropRight([1, 2, 3], 1);
     * // => [1, 2]
     *
     * _.dropRight([1, 2, 3], 2);
     * // => [1]
     *
     * _.dropRight([1, 2, 3], 5);
     * // => []
     *
     * _.dropRight([1, 2, 3], 0);
     * // => [1, 2, 3]
     */
    var dropRight = initial;

    /**
     * Creates a slice of `array` excluding elements dropped from the end.
     * Elements will be dropped until the predicate returns falsey. The predicate
     * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, array).
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @type Function
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=identity] The function called
     *  per element.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.dropRightWhile([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
     *   return num > 1;
     * });
     * // => [1]
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney',  'employer': 'slate' },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',    'employer': 'slate', 'blocked': true },
     *   { 'name': 'pebbles', 'employer': 'na',    'blocked': true }
     * ];
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.pluck(_.dropRightWhile(characters, 'blocked'), 'name');
     * // => ['barney']
     *
     * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
     * _.pluck(_.dropRightWhile(characters, { 'employer': 'na' }), 'name');
     * // => ['barney', 'fred']
     */
    var dropRightWhile = initial;

    /**
     * Creates a slice of `array` excluding elements dropped from the beginning.
     * Elements will be dropped until the predicate returns falsey. The predicate
     * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, array).
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @type Function
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=identity] The function called
     *  per element.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.dropWhile([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
     *   return num < 3;
     * });
     * // => [3]
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney',  'employer': 'slate', 'blocked': true },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',    'employer': 'slate' },
     *   { 'name': 'pebbles', 'employer': 'na',    'blocked': true }
     * ];
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.pluck(_.dropWhile(characters, 'blocked'), 'name');
     * // => ['fred', 'pebbles']
     *
     * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
     * _.pluck(_.dropWhile(characters, { 'employer': 'slate' }), 'name');
     * // => ['pebbles']
     */
    var dropWhile = rest;

    /**
     * This method is like `_.find` except that it returns the index of the first
     * element the predicate returns truthy for, instead of the element itself.
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to search.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=identity] The function called
     *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
     *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
     * @returns {number} Returns the index of the found element, else `-1`.
     * @example
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney',  'age': 36 },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',    'age': 40, 'blocked': true },
     *   { 'name': 'pebbles', 'age': 1 }
     * ];
     *
     * _.findIndex(characters, function(chr) {
     *   return chr.age < 20;
     * });
     * // => 2
     *
     * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
     * _.findIndex(characters, { 'age': 36 });
     * // => 0
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.findIndex(characters, 'blocked');
     * // => 1
     */
    function findIndex(array, predicate, thisArg) {
      var index = -1,
          length = array ? array.length : 0;

      predicate = lodash.createCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
      while (++index < length) {
        if (predicate(array[index], index, array)) {
          return index;
        }
      }
      return -1;
    }

    /**
     * This method is like `_.findIndex` except that it iterates over elements
     * of a collection from right to left.
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to search.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=identity] The function called
     *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
     *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
     * @returns {number} Returns the index of the found element, else `-1`.
     * @example
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney',  'age': 36, 'blocked': true },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',    'age': 40 },
     *   { 'name': 'pebbles', 'age': 1,  'blocked': true }
     * ];
     *
     * _.findLastIndex(characters, function(chr) {
     *   return chr.age > 30;
     * });
     * // => 1
     *
     * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
     * _.findLastIndex(characters, { 'age': 36 });
     * // => 0
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.findLastIndex(characters, 'blocked');
     * // => 2
     */
    function findLastIndex(array, predicate, thisArg) {
      var length = array ? array.length : 0;

      predicate = lodash.createCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
      while (length--) {
        if (predicate(array[length], length, array)) {
          return length;
        }
      }
      return -1;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the first element of `array`.
     *
     * Note: The `n` and `predicate` arguments are deprecated; replace with
     * `_.take` and `_.takeWhile` respectively.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias head
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
     * @returns {*} Returns the first element of `array`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.first([1, 2, 3]);
     * // => 1
     *
     * _.first([]);
     * // => undefined
     */
    function first(array, predicate, thisArg) {
      if (typeof predicate != 'number' && predicate != null) {
        var index = -1,
            length = array ? array.length : 0,
            n = 0;

        predicate = lodash.createCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
        while (++index < length && predicate(array[index], index, array)) {
          n++;
        }
      } else {
        n = predicate;
        if (n == null || thisArg) {
          return array ? array[0] : undefined;
        }
      }
      return slice(array, 0, n < 0 ? 0 : n);
    }

    /**
     * Flattens a nested array (the nesting can be to any depth). If `isShallow`
     * is truthy, the array will only be flattened a single level. If a callback
     * is provided each element of the array is passed through the callback before
     * flattening. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
     * arguments; (value, index, array).
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to flatten.
     * @param {boolean} [isShallow=false] A flag to restrict flattening to a single level.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback] The function called per iteration.
     *  If a property name or object is provided it will be used to create a "_.pluck"
     *  or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new flattened array.
     * @example
     *
     * _.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]]);
     * // => [1, 2, 3, 4];
     *
     * // using `isShallow`
     * _.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]], true);
     * // => [1, 2, 3, [[4]]];
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 30, 'pets': ['hoppy'] },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',   'age': 40, 'pets': ['baby puss', 'dino'] }
     * ];
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.flatten(characters, 'pets');
     * // => ['hoppy', 'baby puss', 'dino']
     */
    function flatten(array, isShallow, callback, thisArg) {
      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
      if (!length) {
        return [];
      }
      // juggle arguments
      var type = typeof isShallow;
      if (type != 'boolean' && isShallow != null) {
        thisArg = callback;
        callback = isShallow;
        isShallow = false;

        // enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`
        if ((type == 'number' || type == 'string') && thisArg && thisArg[callback] === array) {
          callback = null;
        }
      }
      if (callback != null) {
        array = map(array, callback, thisArg);
      }
      return baseFlatten(array, isShallow);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the index at which the first occurrence of `value` is found using
     * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If the array is already sorted
     * providing `true` for `fromIndex` will run a faster binary search.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to search.
     * @param {*} value The value to search for.
     * @param {boolean|number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from or `true`
     *  to perform a binary search on a sorted array.
     * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched value, else `-1`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.indexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
     * // => 1
     *
     * // using `fromIndex`
     * _.indexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2, 3);
     * // => 4
     *
     * // performing a binary search
     * _.indexOf([1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3], 2, true);
     * // => 2
     */
    function indexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
      if (typeof fromIndex == 'number') {
        fromIndex = fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(length + fromIndex, 0) : (fromIndex || 0);
      } else if (fromIndex) {
        var index = sortedIndex(array, value);
        return (length && array[index] === value) ? index : -1;
      }
      return baseIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex);
    }

    /**
     * Gets all but the last element of `array`.
     *
     * Note: The `n` and `predicate` arguments are deprecated; replace with
     * `_.dropRight` and `_.dropRightWhile` respectively.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.initial([1, 2, 3]);
     * // => [1, 2]
     */
    function initial(array, predicate, thisArg) {
      var length = array ? array.length : 0;

      if (typeof predicate != 'number' && predicate != null) {
        var index = length,
            n = 0;

        predicate = lodash.createCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
        while (index-- && predicate(array[index], index, array)) {
          n++;
        }
      } else {
        n = (predicate == null || thisArg) ? 1 : predicate;
      }
      n = length - (n || 0);
      return slice(array, 0, n < 0 ? 0 : n);
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array of unique values present in all provided arrays using
     * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {...Array} [arrays] The arrays to inspect.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of shared values.
     * @example
     *
     * _.intersection([1, 2, 3], [5, 2, 1, 4], [2, 1]);
     * // => [1, 2]
     */
    function intersection() {
      var args = [],
          argsIndex = -1,
          argsLength = arguments.length,
          caches = [],
          indexOf = getIndexOf(),
          prereq = createCache && indexOf === baseIndexOf;

      while (++argsIndex < argsLength) {
        var value = arguments[argsIndex];
        if (isArray(value) || isArguments(value)) {
          args.push(value);
          caches.push(prereq && value.length >= 120 &&
            createCache(argsIndex && value));
        }
      }
      argsLength = args.length;
      var array = args[0],
          index = -1,
          length = array ? array.length : 0,
          result = [],
          seen = caches[0];

      outer:
      while (++index < length) {
        value = array[index];
        if ((seen ? cacheIndexOf(seen, value) : indexOf(result, value)) < 0) {
          argsIndex = argsLength;
          while (--argsIndex) {
            var cache = caches[argsIndex];
            if ((cache ? cacheIndexOf(cache, value) : indexOf(args[argsIndex], value)) < 0) {
              continue outer;
            }
          }
          if (seen) {
            seen.push(value);
          }
          result.push(value);
        }
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the last element of `array`.
     *
     * Note: The `n` and `predicate` arguments are deprecated; replace with
     * `_.takeRight` and `_.takeRightWhile` respectively.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
     * @returns {*} Returns the last element of `array`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.last([1, 2, 3]);
     * // => 3
     */
    function last(array, predicate, thisArg) {
      var length = array ? array.length : 0;

      if (typeof predicate != 'number' && predicate != null) {
        var index = length,
            n = 0;

        predicate = lodash.createCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
        while (index-- && predicate(array[index], index, array)) {
          n++;
        }
      } else {
        n = predicate;
        if (n == null || thisArg) {
          return array ? array[length - 1] : undefined;
        }
      }
      n = length - (n || 0);
      return slice(array, n < 0 ? 0 : n);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the index at which the last occurrence of `value` is found using
     * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If `fromIndex` is negative,
     * it is used as the offset from the end of the collection.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to search.
     * @param {*} value The value to search for.
     * @param {number} [fromIndex=array.length-1] The index to search from.
     * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched value, else `-1`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
     * // => 4
     *
     * // using `fromIndex`
     * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2, 3);
     * // => 1
     */
    function lastIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
      var index = array ? array.length : 0;
      if (typeof fromIndex == 'number') {
        index = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(index + fromIndex, 0) : nativeMin(fromIndex || 0, index - 1)) + 1;
      }
      while (index--) {
        if (array[index] === value) {
          return index;
        }
      }
      return -1;
    }

    /**
     * Removes all provided values from `array` using strict equality for
     * comparisons, i.e. `===`.
     *
     * Note: Unlike `_.without`, this method mutates `array`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to modify.
     * @param {...*} [values] The values to remove.
     * @returns {Array} Returns `array`.
     * @example
     *
     * var array = [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3];
     * _.pull(array, 2, 3);
     * console.log(array);
     * // => [1, 1]
     */
    function pull(array) {
      var argsIndex = 0,
          argsLength = arguments.length,
          length = array ? array.length : 0;

      while (++argsIndex < argsLength) {
        var index = -1,
            value = arguments[argsIndex];

        while (++index < length) {
          if (array[index] === value) {
            splice.call(array, index--, 1);
            length--;
          }
        }
      }
      return array;
    }

    /**
     * Removes elements from `array` corresponding to the specified indexes and
     * returns an array of removed elements. Indexes may be specified as an array
     * of indexes or as individual arguments.
     *
     * Note: Unlike `_.at`, this method mutates `array`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to modify.
     * @param {...(number|number[])} [index] The indexes of values to remove,
     *  specified as individual indexes or arrays of indexes.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of removed elements.
     * @example
     *
     * var array = [5, 10, 15, 20];
     * var evens = _.pullAt(array, [1, 3]);
     *
     * console.log(array);
     * // => [5, 15]
     *
     * console.log(evens);
     * // => [10, 20]
     */
    function pullAt(array) {
      var indexes = baseFlatten(arguments, true, false, 1),
          length = indexes.length,
          result = baseAt(array, indexes);

      indexes.sort(baseCompareAscending);
      while (length--) {
        var index = parseFloat(indexes[length]);
        if (index != previous && index > -1 && index % 1 == 0) {
          var previous = index;
          splice.call(array, index, 1);
        }
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Removes all elements from `array` that the predicate returns truthy for
     * and returns an array of removed elements. The predicate is bound to `thisArg`
     * and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, array).
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * Note: Unlike `_.filter`, this method mutates `array`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to modify.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=identity] The function called
     *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
     *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of removed elements.
     * @example
     *
     * var array = [1, 2, 3, 4];
     * var evens = _.remove(array, function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
     *
     * console.log(array);
     * // => [1, 3]
     *
     * console.log(evens);
     * // => [2, 4]
     */
    function remove(array, predicate, thisArg) {
      var index = -1,
          length = array ? array.length : 0,
          result = [];

      predicate = lodash.createCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
      while (++index < length) {
        var value = array[index];
        if (predicate(value, index, array)) {
          result.push(value);
          splice.call(array, index--, 1);
          length--;
        }
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Gets all but the first element of `array`.
     *
     * Note: The `n` and `predicate` arguments are deprecated; replace with
     * `_.drop` and `_.dropWhile` respectively.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias tail
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.rest([1, 2, 3]);
     * // => [2, 3]
     */
    function rest(array, predicate, thisArg) {
      if (typeof predicate != 'number' && predicate != null) {
        var index = -1,
            length = array ? array.length : 0,
            n = 0;

        predicate = lodash.createCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
        while (++index < length && predicate(array[index], index, array)) {
          n++;
        }
      } else if (predicate == null || thisArg) {
        n = 1;
      } else {
        n = predicate < 0 ? 0 : predicate;
      }
      return slice(array, n);
    }

    /**
     * Slices `array` from the `start` index up to, but not including, the `end` index.
     *
     * Note: This function is used instead of `Array#slice` to support node lists
     * in IE < 9 and to ensure dense arrays are returned.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to slice.
     * @param {number} [start=0] The start index.
     * @param {number} [end=array.length] The end index.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
     */
    function slice(array, start, end) {
      var index = -1,
          length = array ? array.length : 0;

      start = typeof start == 'undefined' ? 0 : (+start || 0);
      if (start < 0) {
        start = nativeMax(length + start, 0);
      } else if (start > length) {
        start = length;
      }
      end = typeof end == 'undefined' ? length : (+end || 0);
      if (end < 0) {
        end = nativeMax(length + end, 0);
      } else if (end > length) {
        end = length;
      }
      length = start > end ? 0 : (end - start);

      var result = Array(length);
      while (++index < length) {
        result[index] = array[start + index];
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Uses a binary search to determine the smallest index at which a value
     * should be inserted into a given sorted array in order to maintain the sort
     * order of the array. If a callback is provided it will be executed for
     * `value` and each element of `array` to compute their sort ranking. The
     * callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with one argument; (value).
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
     * @param {*} value The value to evaluate.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
     *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
     *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {number} Returns the index at which `value` should be inserted
     *  into `array`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.sortedIndex([20, 30, 50], 40);
     * // => 2
     *
     * var dict = {
     *   'wordToNumber': { 'twenty': 20, 'thirty': 30, 'forty': 40, 'fifty': 50 }
     * };
     *
     * // using `callback`
     * _.sortedIndex(['twenty', 'thirty', 'fifty'], 'forty', function(word) {
     *   return dict.wordToNumber[word];
     * });
     * // => 2
     *
     * // using `callback` with `thisArg`
     * _.sortedIndex(['twenty', 'thirty', 'fifty'], 'forty', function(word) {
     *   return this.wordToNumber[word];
     * }, dict);
     * // => 2
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.sortedIndex([{ 'x': 20 }, { 'x': 30 }, { 'x': 50 }], { 'x': 40 }, 'x');
     * // => 2
     */
    function sortedIndex(array, value, callback, thisArg) {
      var low = 0,
          high = array ? array.length : low;

      // explicitly reference `identity` for better inlining in Firefox
      callback = callback ? lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 1) : identity;
      value = callback(value);

      while (low < high) {
        var mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
        (callback(array[mid]) < value)
          ? (low = mid + 1)
          : (high = mid);
      }
      return low;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a slice of `array` with `n` elements taken from the beginning.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @type Function
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
     * @param {number} [n=1] The number of elements to take.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.take([1, 2, 3], 1);
     * // => [1]
     *
     * _.take([1, 2, 3], 2);
     * // => [1, 2]
     *
     * _.take([1, 2, 3], 5);
     * // => [1, 2, 3]
     *
     * _.take([1, 2, 3], 0);
     * // => []
     */
    var take = first;

    /**
     * Creates a slice of `array` with `n` elements taken from the end.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @type Function
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
     * @param {number} [n=1] The number of elements to take.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.takeRight([1, 2, 3], 1);
     * // => [3]
     *
     * _.takeRight([1, 2, 3], 2);
     * // => [2, 3]
     *
     * _.takeRight([1, 2, 3], 5);
     * // => [1, 2, 3]
     *
     * _.takeRight([1, 2, 3], 0);
     * // => []
     */
    var takeRight = last;

    /**
     * Creates a slice of `array` with elements taken from the end. Elements will
     * be taken until the predicate returns falsey. The predicate is bound to
     * `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, array).
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @type Function
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=identity] The function called
     *  per element.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.takeRightWhile([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
     *   return num > 1;
     * });
     * // => [2, 3]
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney',  'employer': 'slate' },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',    'employer': 'slate', 'blocked': true },
     *   { 'name': 'pebbles', 'employer': 'na',    'blocked': true }
     * ];
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.pluck(_.takeRightWhile(characters, 'blocked'), 'name');
     * // => ['fred', 'pebbles']
     *
     * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
     * _.pluck(_.takeRightWhile(characters, { 'employer': 'na' }), 'name');
     * // => ['pebbles']
     */
    var takeRightWhile = last;

    /**
     * Creates a slice of `array` with elements taken from the beginning. Elements
     * will be taken until the predicate returns falsey. The predicate is bound
     * to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, array).
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @type Function
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=identity] The function called
     *  per element.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the slice of `array`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.takeWhile([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
     *   return num < 3;
     * });
     * // => [1, 2]
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney',  'employer': 'slate', 'blocked': true },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',    'employer': 'slate' },
     *   { 'name': 'pebbles', 'employer': 'na',    'blocked': true }
     * ];
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.pluck(_.takeWhile(characters, 'blocked'), 'name');
     * // => ['barney']
     *
     * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
     * _.pluck(_.takeWhile(characters, { 'employer': 'slate' }), 'name');
     * // => ['barney', 'fred']
     */
    var takeWhile = first;

    /**
     * Creates an array of unique values, in order, of the provided arrays using
     * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {...Array} [arrays] The arrays to inspect.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of combined values.
     * @example
     *
     * _.union([1, 2, 3], [5, 2, 1, 4], [2, 1]);
     * // => [1, 2, 3, 5, 4]
     */
    function union() {
      return baseUniq(baseFlatten(arguments, true, true));
    }

    /**
     * Creates a duplicate-value-free version of an array using strict equality
     * for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If the array is sorted, providing `true` for
     * `isSorted` will use a faster algorithm. If a callback is provided it will
     * be executed for each value in the array to generate the criterion by which
     * uniqueness is computed. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
     * three arguments; (value, index, array).
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias unique
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to process.
     * @param {boolean} [isSorted=false] A flag to indicate that `array` is sorted.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback] The function called per iteration.
     *  If a property name or object is provided it will be used to create a "_.pluck"
     *  or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new duplicate-value-free array.
     * @example
     *
     * _.uniq([1, 2, 1, 3, 1]);
     * // => [1, 2, 3]
     *
     * // using `isSorted`
     * _.uniq([1, 1, 2, 2, 3], true);
     * // => [1, 2, 3]
     *
     * // using `callback`
     * _.uniq(['A', 'b', 'C', 'a', 'B', 'c'], function(letter) { return letter.toLowerCase(); });
     * // => ['A', 'b', 'C']
     *
     * // using `callback` with `thisArg`
     * _.uniq([1, 2.5, 3, 1.5, 2, 3.5], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
     * // => [1, 2.5, 3]
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.uniq([{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }, { 'x': 1 }], 'x');
     * // => [{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }]
     */
    function uniq(array, isSorted, callback, thisArg) {
      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
      if (!length) {
        return [];
      }
      // juggle arguments
      var type = typeof isSorted;
      if (type != 'boolean' && isSorted != null) {
        thisArg = callback;
        callback = isSorted;
        isSorted = false;

        // enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`
        if ((type == 'number' || type == 'string') && thisArg && thisArg[callback] === array) {
          callback = null;
        }
      }
      if (callback != null) {
        callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
      }
      return baseUniq(array, isSorted, callback);
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array excluding all provided values using strict equality for
     * comparisons, i.e. `===`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to filter.
     * @param {...*} [values] The values to exclude.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of filtered values.
     * @example
     *
     * _.without([1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4], 0, 1);
     * // => [2, 3, 4]
     */
    function without() {
      return baseDifference(arguments[0], slice(arguments, 1));
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array that is the symmetric difference of the provided arrays.
     * See [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_difference) for
     * more details.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {...Array} [arrays] The arrays to inspect.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of values.
     * @example
     *
     * _.xor([1, 2, 3], [5, 2, 1, 4]);
     * // => [3, 5, 4]
     *
     * _.xor([1, 2, 5], [2, 3, 5], [3, 4, 5]);
     * // => [1, 4, 5]
     */
    function xor() {
      var index = -1,
          length = arguments.length;

      while (++index < length) {
        var array = arguments[index];
        if (isArray(array) || isArguments(array)) {
          var result = result
            ? baseDifference(result, array).concat(baseDifference(array, result))
            : array;
        }
      }
      return result ? baseUniq(result) : [];
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array of grouped elements, the first of which contains the first
     * elements of the given arrays, the second of which contains the second elements
     * of the given arrays, and so on. If a zipped value is provided its corresponding
     * unzipped value will be returned.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias unzip
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {...Array} [arrays] The arrays to process.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of grouped elements.
     * @example
     *
     * _.zip(['fred', 'barney'], [30, 40], [true, false]);
     * // => [['fred', 30, true], ['barney', 40, false]]
     *
     * _.unzip([['fred', 30, true], ['barney', 40, false]]);
     * // => [['fred', 'barney'], [30, 40], [true, false]]
     */
    function zip() {
      var array = arguments.length > 1 ? arguments : arguments[0],
          index = -1,
          length = array ? max(pluck(array, 'length')) : 0,
          result = Array(length < 0 ? 0 : length);

      while (++index < length) {
        result[index] = pluck(array, index);
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an object composed from arrays of `keys` and `values`. Provide
     * either a single two dimensional array, i.e. `[[key1, value1], [key2, value2]]`
     * or two arrays, one of `keys` and one of corresponding `values`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias object
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} keys The array of keys.
     * @param {Array} [values=[]] The array of values.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
     * @example
     *
     * _.zipObject(['fred', 'barney'], [30, 40]);
     * // => { 'fred': 30, 'barney': 40 }
     */
    function zipObject(keys, values) {
      var index = -1,
          length = keys ? keys.length : 0,
          result = {};

      if (!values && length && !isArray(keys[0])) {
        values = [];
      }
      while (++index < length) {
        var key = keys[index];
        if (values) {
          result[key] = values[index];
        } else if (key) {
          result[key[0]] = key[1];
        }
      }
      return result;
    }

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * Creates a `lodash` object that wraps `value` with explicit method
     * chaining enabled.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Chaining
     * @param {*} value The value to wrap.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the new wrapper object.
     * @example
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney',  'age': 36 },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',    'age': 40 },
     *   { 'name': 'pebbles', 'age': 1 }
     * ];
     *
     * var youngest = _.chain(characters)
     *     .sortBy('age')
     *     .map(function(chr) { return chr.name + ' is ' + chr.age; })
     *     .first()
     *     .value();
     * // => 'pebbles is 1'
     */
    function chain(value) {
      return new lodashWrapper(value, true);
    }

    /**
     * This method invokes `interceptor` and returns `value`. The interceptor is
     * bound to `thisArg` and invoked with one argument; (value). The purpose of
     * this method is to "tap into" a method chain in order to perform operations
     * on intermediate results within the chain.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Chaining
     * @param {*} value The value to provide to `interceptor`.
     * @param {Function} interceptor The function to invoke.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `interceptor`.
     * @returns {*} Returns `value`.
     * @example
     *
     * _([1, 2, 3, 4])
     *  .tap(function(array) { array.pop(); })
     *  .reverse()
     *  .value();
     * // => [3, 2, 1]
     */
    function tap(value, interceptor, thisArg) {
      interceptor.call(thisArg, value);
      return value;
    }

    /**
     * Enables explicit method chaining on the wrapper object.
     *
     * @name chain
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Chaining
     * @returns {*} Returns the wrapper object.
     * @example
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',   'age': 40 }
     * ];
     *
     * // without explicit chaining
     * _(characters).first();
     * // => { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 }
     *
     * // with explicit chaining
     * _(characters).chain()
     *   .first()
     *   .pick('age')
     *   .value();
     * // => { 'age': 36 }
     */
    function wrapperChain() {
      this.__chain__ = true;
      return this;
    }

    /**
     * Produces the result of coercing the wrapped value to a string.
     *
     * @name toString
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Chaining
     * @returns {string} Returns the coerced string value.
     * @example
     *
     * _([1, 2, 3]).toString();
     * // => '1,2,3'
     */
    function wrapperToString() {
      return String(this.__wrapped__);
    }

    /**
     * Extracts the wrapped value.
     *
     * @name valueOf
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias toJSON, value
     * @category Chaining
     * @returns {*} Returns the wrapped value.
     * @example
     *
     * _([1, 2, 3]).valueOf();
     * // => [1, 2, 3]
     */
    function wrapperValueOf() {
      return this.__wrapped__;
    }

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * Creates an array of elements corresponding to the specified keys, or indexes,
     * of the collection. Keys may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays
     * of keys.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {...(number|number[]|string|string[])} [keys] The keys of elements
     *  to pick, specified as individual keys or arrays of keys.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of picked elements.
     * @example
     *
     * _.at(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'], [0, 2, 4]);
     * // => ['a', 'c', 'e']
     *
     * _.at(['fred', 'barney', 'pebbles'], 0, 2);
     * // => ['fred', 'pebbles']
     */
    function at(collection) {
      if (support.unindexedChars && isString(collection)) {
        collection = collection.split('');
      }
      return baseAt(collection, baseFlatten(arguments, true, false, 1));
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is present in `collection` using strict equality for
     * comparisons, i.e. `===`. If `fromIndex` is negative, it is used as the
     * offset from the end of the collection.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias include
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to search.
     * @param {*} target The value to check for.
     * @param {number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if a matching element is found, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.contains([1, 2, 3], 1);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.contains([1, 2, 3], 1, 2);
     * // => false
     *
     * _.contains({ 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 }, 'fred');
     * // => true
     *
     * _.contains('pebbles', 'eb');
     * // => true
     */
    function contains(collection, target, fromIndex) {
      var length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
      if (!(typeof length == 'number' && length > -1 && length <= maxSafeInteger)) {
        collection = values(collection);
        length = collection.length;
      }
      if (typeof fromIndex == 'number') {
        fromIndex = fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(length + fromIndex, 0) : (fromIndex || 0);
      } else {
        fromIndex = 0;
      }
      if (typeof collection == 'string' || !isArray(collection) && isString(collection)) {
        if (fromIndex >= length) {
          return false;
        }
        return nativeContains
          ? nativeContains.call(collection, target, fromIndex)
          : collection.indexOf(target, fromIndex) > -1;
      }
      var indexOf = getIndexOf();
      return indexOf(collection, target, fromIndex) > -1;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an object composed of keys generated from the results of running
     * each element of `collection` through the callback. The corresponding value
     * of each key is the number of times the key was returned by the callback.
     * The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments;
     * (value, index|key, collection).
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
     *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
     *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
     * @example
     *
     * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
     * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
     *
     * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
     * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
     *
     * _.countBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
     * // => { '3': 2, '5': 1 }
     */
    var countBy = createAggregator(function(result, value, key) {
      (hasOwnProperty.call(result, key) ? result[key]++ : result[key] = 1);
    });

    /**
     * Checks if the predicate returns truthy for **all** elements of a collection.
     * The predicate is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments;
     * (value, index|key, collection).
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias all
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=identity] The function called
     *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
     *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if all elements passed the predicate check,
     *  else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.every([true, 1, null, 'yes']);
     * // => false
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',   'age': 40 }
     * ];
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.every(characters, 'age');
     * // => true
     *
     * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
     * _.every(characters, { 'age': 36 });
     * // => false
     */
    function every(collection, predicate, thisArg) {
      var result = true;
      predicate = lodash.createCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);

      if (isArray(collection)) {
        var index = -1,
            length = collection.length;

        while (++index < length) {
          if (!predicate(collection[index], index, collection)) {
            return false;
          }
        }
      } else {
        baseEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
          return (result = !!predicate(value, index, collection));
        });
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Iterates over elements of a collection returning an array of all elements
     * the predicate returns truthy for. The predicate is bound to `thisArg` and
     * invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias select
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=identity] The function called
     *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
     *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new filtered array.
     * @example
     *
     * var evens = _.filter([1, 2, 3, 4], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
     * // => [2, 4]
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',   'age': 40, 'blocked': true }
     * ];
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.filter(characters, 'blocked');
     * // => [{ 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40, 'blocked': true }]
     *
     * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
     * _.filter(characters, { 'age': 36 });
     * // => [{ 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 }]
     */
    function filter(collection, predicate, thisArg) {
      var result = [];
      predicate = lodash.createCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);

      if (isArray(collection)) {
        var index = -1,
            length = collection.length;

        while (++index < length) {
          var value = collection[index];
          if (predicate(value, index, collection)) {
            result.push(value);
          }
        }
      } else {
        baseEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
          if (predicate(value, index, collection)) {
            result.push(value);
          }
        });
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Iterates over elements of a collection, returning the first element that
     * the predicate returns truthy for. The predicate is bound to `thisArg` and
     * invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias detect
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to search.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=identity] The function called
     *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
     *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
     * @returns {*} Returns the matched element, else `undefined`.
     * @example
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney',  'age': 36 },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',    'age': 40, 'blocked': true },
     *   { 'name': 'pebbles', 'age': 1 }
     * ];
     *
     * _.find(characters, function(chr) {
     *   return chr.age < 40;
     * });
     * // => { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 }
     *
     * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
     * _.find(characters, { 'age': 1 });
     * // =>  { 'name': 'pebbles', 'age': 1 }
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.find(characters, 'blocked');
     * // => { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40, 'blocked': true }
     */
    function find(collection, predicate, thisArg) {
      if (isArray(collection)) {
        var index = findIndex(collection, predicate, thisArg);
        return index > -1 ? collection[index] : undefined;
      }
      predicate = lodash.createCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
      return baseFind(collection, predicate, baseEach);
    }

    /**
     * This method is like `_.find` except that it iterates over elements of a
     * collection from right to left.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to search.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=identity] The function called
     *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
     *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
     * @returns {*} Returns the matched element, else `undefined`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.findLast([1, 2, 3, 4], function(num) {
     *   return num % 2 == 1;
     * });
     * // => 3
     */
    function findLast(collection, predicate, thisArg) {
      predicate = lodash.createCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
      return baseFind(collection, predicate, baseEachRight);
    }

    /**
     * Performs a deep comparison between each element in `collection` and the
     * source object, returning the first element that has equivalent property
     * values.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to search.
     * @param {Object} source The object of property values to match.
     * @returns {*} Returns the matched element, else `undefined`.
     * @example
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'employer': 'slate' },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',   'age': 40, 'employer': 'slate' }
     * ];
     *
     * _.findWhere(characters, { 'employer': 'slate' });
     * // => { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'employer': 'slate' }
     *
     * _.findWhere(characters, { 'age': 40 });
     * // =>  { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40, 'employer': 'slate' }
     */
    function findWhere(collection, source) {
      return find(collection, matches(source));
    }

    /**
     * Iterates over elements of a collection executing the callback for each
     * element. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments;
     * (value, index|key, collection). Callbacks may exit iteration early by
     * explicitly returning `false`.
     *
     * Note: As with other "Collections" methods, objects with a `length` property
     * are iterated like arrays. To avoid this behavior `_.forIn` or `_.forOwn`
     * may be used for object iteration.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias each
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Array|Object|string} Returns `collection`.
     * @example
     *
     * _([1, 2, 3]).forEach(function(num) { console.log(num); }).join(',');
     * // => logs each number and returns '1,2,3'
     *
     * _.forEach({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 }, function(num) { console.log(num); });
     * // => logs each number and returns the object (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
     */
    function forEach(collection, callback, thisArg) {
      return (callback && typeof thisArg == 'undefined' && isArray(collection))
        ? arrayEach(collection, callback)
        : baseEach(collection, baseCreateCallback(callback, thisArg, 3));
    }

    /**
     * This method is like `_.forEach` except that it iterates over elements of
     * a collection from right to left.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias eachRight
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Array|Object|string} Returns `collection`.
     * @example
     *
     * _([1, 2, 3]).forEachRight(function(num) { console.log(num); }).join(',');
     * // => logs each number from right to left and returns '3,2,1'
     */
    function forEachRight(collection, callback, thisArg) {
      return (callback && typeof thisArg == 'undefined' && isArray(collection))
        ? arrayEachRight(collection, callback)
        : baseEachRight(collection, baseCreateCallback(callback, thisArg, 3));
    }

    /**
     * Creates an object composed of keys generated from the results of running
     * each element of a collection through the callback. The corresponding value
     * of each key is an array of the elements responsible for generating the key.
     * The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments;
     * (value, index|key, collection).
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
     *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
     *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
     * @example
     *
     * _.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
     * // => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }
     *
     * _.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
     * // => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.groupBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
     * // => { '3': ['one', 'two'], '5': ['three'] }
     */
    var groupBy = createAggregator(function(result, value, key) {
      if (hasOwnProperty.call(result, key)) {
        result[key].push(value);
      } else {
        result[key] = [value];
      }
    });

    /**
     * Creates an object composed of keys generated from the results of running
     * each element of the collection through the given callback. The corresponding
     * value of each key is the last element responsible for generating the key.
     * The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments;
     * (value, index|key, collection).
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
     *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
     *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
     * @example
     *
     * var keyData = [
     *   { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 },
     *   { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 }
     * ];
     *
     * _.indexBy(keyData, 'dir');
     * // => { 'left': { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 }, 'right': { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 } }
     *
     * _.indexBy(keyData, function(object) { return String.fromCharCode(object.code); });
     * // => { 'a': { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 }, 'd': { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 } }
     *
     * _.indexBy(keyData, function(object) { return this.fromCharCode(object.code); }, String);
     * // => { 'a': { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 }, 'd': { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 } }
     */
    var indexBy = createAggregator(function(result, value, key) {
      result[key] = value;
    });

    /**
     * Invokes the method named by `methodName` on each element in the collection
     * returning an array of the results of each invoked method. Additional arguments
     * will be provided to each invoked method. If `methodName` is a function it
     * will be invoked for, and `this` bound to, each element in the collection.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function|string} methodName The name of the method to invoke or
     *  the function invoked per iteration.
     * @param {...*} [args] Arguments to invoke the method with.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of results.
     * @example
     *
     * _.invoke([[5, 1, 7], [3, 2, 1]], 'sort');
     * // => [[1, 5, 7], [1, 2, 3]]
     *
     * _.invoke([123, 456], String.prototype.split, '');
     * // => [['1', '2', '3'], ['4', '5', '6']]
     */
    function invoke(collection, methodName) {
      var args = slice(arguments, 2),
          index = -1,
          isFunc = typeof methodName == 'function',
          length = collection && collection.length,
          result = Array(length < 0 ? 0 : length >>> 0);

      baseEach(collection, function(value) {
        var func = isFunc ? methodName : (value != null && value[methodName]);
        result[++index] = func ? func.apply(value, args) : undefined;
      });
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array of values by running each element in the collection
     * through the callback. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
     * three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias collect
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
     *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
     *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new mapped array.
     * @example
     *
     * _.map([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return num * 3; });
     * // => [3, 6, 9]
     *
     * _.map({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 }, function(num) { return num * 3; });
     * // => [3, 6, 9] (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',   'age': 40 }
     * ];
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.map(characters, 'name');
     * // => ['barney', 'fred']
     */
    function map(collection, callback, thisArg) {
      callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);

      if (isArray(collection)) {
        return arrayMap(collection, callback, thisArg);
      }
      var index = -1,
          result = [];

      baseEach(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
        result[++index] = callback(value, key, collection);
      });
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves the maximum value of a collection. If the collection is empty or
     * falsey `-Infinity` is returned. If a callback is provided it will be executed
     * for each value in the collection to generate the criterion by which the value
     * is ranked. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
     * arguments; (value, index, collection).
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback] The function called per iteration.
     *  If a property name or object is provided it will be used to create a "_.pluck"
     *  or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {*} Returns the maximum value.
     * @example
     *
     * _.max([4, 2, 8, 6]);
     * // => 8
     *
     * _.max([]);
     * // => -Infinity
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',   'age': 40 }
     * ];
     *
     * _.max(characters, function(chr) { return chr.age; });
     * // => { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 };
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.max(characters, 'age');
     * // => { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 };
     */
    function max(collection, callback, thisArg) {
      var computed = -Infinity,
          result = computed,
          type = typeof callback;

      // enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`
      if ((type == 'number' || type == 'string') && thisArg && thisArg[callback] === collection) {
        callback = null;
      }
      if (callback == null && isArray(collection)) {
        var index = -1,
            length = collection.length;

        while (++index < length) {
          var value = collection[index];
          if (value > result) {
            result = value;
          }
        }
      } else {
        callback = (callback == null && isString(collection))
          ? charAtCallback
          : lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);

        baseEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
          var current = callback(value, index, collection);
          if (current > computed || (current === -Infinity && current === result)) {
            computed = current;
            result = value;
          }
        });
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves the minimum value of a collection. If the collection is empty or
     * falsey `Infinity` is returned. If a callback is provided it will be executed
     * for each value in the collection to generate the criterion by which the value
     * is ranked. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
     * arguments; (value, index, collection).
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback] The function called per iteration.
     *  If a property name or object is provided it will be used to create a "_.pluck"
     *  or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {*} Returns the minimum value.
     * @example
     *
     * _.min([4, 2, 8, 6]);
     * // => 2
     *
     * _.min([]);
     * // => Infinity
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',   'age': 40 }
     * ];
     *
     * _.min(characters, function(chr) { return chr.age; });
     * // => { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 };
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.min(characters, 'age');
     * // => { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 };
     */
    function min(collection, callback, thisArg) {
      var computed = Infinity,
          result = computed,
          type = typeof callback;

      // enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`
      if ((type == 'number' || type == 'string') && thisArg && thisArg[callback] === collection) {
        callback = null;
      }
      if (callback == null && isArray(collection)) {
        var index = -1,
            length = collection.length;

        while (++index < length) {
          var value = collection[index];
          if (value < result) {
            result = value;
          }
        }
      } else {
        callback = (callback == null && isString(collection))
          ? charAtCallback
          : lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);

        baseEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
          var current = callback(value, index, collection);
          if (current < computed || (current === Infinity && current === result)) {
            computed = current;
            result = value;
          }
        });
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array of elements split into two groups, the first of which
     * contains elements the predicate returns truthy for, while the second of which
     * contains elements the predicate returns falsey for. The predicate is bound
     * to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=identity] The function called
     *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
     *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of grouped elements.
     * @example
     *
     * _.partition([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return num % 2; });
     * // => [[1, 3], [2]]
     *
     * _.partition([1.2, 2.3, 3.4], function(num) { return this.floor(num) % 2; }, Math);
     * // => [[1, 3], [2]]
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney',  'age': 36 },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',    'age': 40, 'blocked': true },
     *   { 'name': 'pebbles', 'age': 1 }
     * ];
     *
     * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
     * _.map(_.partition(characters, { 'age': 1 }), function(array) { return _.pluck(array, 'name'); });
     * // => [['pebbles'], ['barney', 'fred']]
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.map(_.partition(characters, 'blocked'), function(array) { return _.pluck(array, 'name'); });
     * // => [['fred'], ['barney', 'pebbles']]
     */
    var partition = createAggregator(function(result, value, key) {
      result[key ? 0 : 1].push(value);
    }, function() { return [[], []]; });

    /**
     * Retrieves the value of a specified property from all elements in the collection.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {string} key The name of the property to pluck.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the property values.
     * @example
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',   'age': 40 }
     * ];
     *
     * _.pluck(characters, 'name');
     * // => ['barney', 'fred']
     */
    function pluck(collection, key) {
      return map(collection, property(key));
    }

    /**
     * Reduces a collection to a value which is the accumulated result of running
     * each element in the collection through the callback, where each successive
     * callback execution consumes the return value of the previous execution. If
     * `accumulator` is not provided the first element of the collection will be
     * used as the initial `accumulator` value. The callback is bound to `thisArg`
     * and invoked with four arguments; (accumulator, value, index|key, collection).
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias foldl, inject
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
     * @param {*} [accumulator] Initial value of the accumulator.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {*} Returns the accumulated value.
     * @example
     *
     * var sum = _.reduce([1, 2, 3], function(sum, num) {
     *   return sum + num;
     * });
     * // => 6
     *
     * var mapped = _.reduce({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }, function(result, num, key) {
     *   result[key] = num * 3;
     *   return result;
     * }, {});
     * // => { 'a': 3, 'b': 6, 'c': 9 }
     */
    function reduce(collection, callback, accumulator, thisArg) {
      var noaccum = arguments.length < 3;
      callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 4);

      if (isArray(collection)) {
        var index = -1,
            length = collection.length;

        if (noaccum && length) {
          accumulator = collection[++index];
        }
        while (++index < length) {
          accumulator = callback(accumulator, collection[index], index, collection);
        }
      } else {
        baseEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
          accumulator = noaccum
            ? (noaccum = false, value)
            : callback(accumulator, value, index, collection)
        });
      }
      return accumulator;
    }

    /**
     * This method is like `_.reduce` except that it iterates over elements of a
     * collection from right to left.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias foldr
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
     * @param {*} [accumulator] Initial value of the accumulator.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {*} Returns the accumulated value.
     * @example
     *
     * var array = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];
     * _.reduceRight(array, function(flattened, other) { return flattened.concat(other); }, []);
     * // => [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]
     */
    function reduceRight(collection, callback, accumulator, thisArg) {
      var noaccum = arguments.length < 3;
      callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 4);

      baseEachRight(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
        accumulator = noaccum
          ? (noaccum = false, value)
          : callback(accumulator, value, index, collection);
      });
      return accumulator;
    }

    /**
     * The opposite of `_.filter`; this method returns the elements of a collection
     * the predicate does **not** return truthy for.
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=identity] The function called
     *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
     *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new filtered array.
     * @example
     *
     * var odds = _.reject([1, 2, 3, 4], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
     * // => [1, 3]
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',   'age': 40, 'blocked': true }
     * ];
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.reject(characters, 'blocked');
     * // => [{ 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 }]
     *
     * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
     * _.reject(characters, { 'age': 36 });
     * // => [{ 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40, 'blocked': true }]
     */
    function reject(collection, predicate, thisArg) {
      predicate = lodash.createCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
      return filter(collection, negate(predicate));
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves a random element or `n` random elements from a collection.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to sample.
     * @param {number} [n] The number of elements to sample.
     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`.
     * @returns {*} Returns the random sample(s).
     * @example
     *
     * _.sample([1, 2, 3, 4]);
     * // => 2
     *
     * _.sample([1, 2, 3, 4], 2);
     * // => [3, 1]
     */
    function sample(collection, n, guard) {
      if (collection && typeof collection.length != 'number') {
        collection = values(collection);
      } else if (support.unindexedChars && isString(collection)) {
        collection = collection.split('');
      }
      if (n == null || guard) {
        var length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
        return length > 0 ? collection[baseRandom(0, length - 1)] : undefined;
      }
      var result = shuffle(collection);
      result.length = nativeMin(n < 0 ? 0 : (+n || 0), result.length);
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array of shuffled values, using a version of the Fisher-Yates
     * shuffle. See [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher-Yates_shuffle)
     * for more details.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to shuffle.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new shuffled array.
     * @example
     *
     * _.shuffle([1, 2, 3, 4]);
     * // => [4, 1, 3, 2]
     */
    function shuffle(collection) {
      var index = -1,
          length = collection && collection.length,
          result = Array(length < 0 ? 0 : length >>> 0);

      baseEach(collection, function(value) {
        var rand = baseRandom(0, ++index);
        result[index] = result[rand];
        result[rand] = value;
      });
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the size of the collection by returning `collection.length` for arrays
     * and array-like objects or the number of own enumerable properties for objects.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to inspect.
     * @returns {number} Returns `collection.length` or number of own enumerable properties.
     * @example
     *
     * _.size([1, 2]);
     * // => 2
     *
     * _.size({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
     * // => 3
     *
     * _.size('pebbles');
     * // => 7
     */
    function size(collection) {
      var length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
      return (typeof length == 'number' && length > -1 && length <= maxSafeInteger)
        ? length
        : keys(collection).length;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if the predicate returns truthy for **any** element of a collection.
     * The function returns as soon as it finds a passing value and does not iterate
     * over the entire collection. The predicate is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
     * with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias any
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=identity] The function called
     *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
     *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if any element passed the predicate check,
     *  else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.some([null, 0, 'yes', false], Boolean);
     * // => true
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',   'age': 40, 'blocked': true }
     * ];
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.some(characters, 'blocked');
     * // => true
     *
     * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
     * _.some(characters, { 'age': 1 });
     * // => false
     */
    function some(collection, predicate, thisArg) {
      var result;
      predicate = lodash.createCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);

      if (isArray(collection)) {
        var index = -1,
            length = collection.length;

        while (++index < length) {
          if (predicate(collection[index], index, collection)) {
            return true;
          }
        }
      } else {
        baseEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
          return !(result = predicate(value, index, collection));
        });
      }
      return !!result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array of elements, sorted in ascending order by the results of
     * running each element in a collection through the callback. This method
     * performs a stable sort, that is, it will preserve the original sort order
     * of equal elements. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
     * three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an array of property names is provided for `callback` the collection
     * will be sorted by each property value.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Array|Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function
     *  called per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will
     *  be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new sorted array.
     * @example
     *
     * _.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return Math.sin(num); });
     * // => [3, 1, 2]
     *
     * _.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return this.sin(num); }, Math);
     * // => [3, 1, 2]
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney',  'age': 36 },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',    'age': 40 },
     *   { 'name': 'barney',  'age': 26 },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',    'age': 30 }
     * ];
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.map(_.sortBy(characters, 'age'), _.values);
     * // => [['barney', 26], ['fred', 30], ['barney', 36], ['fred', 40]]
     *
     * // sorting by multiple properties
     * _.map(_.sortBy(characters, ['name', 'age']), _.values);
     * // = > [['barney', 26], ['barney', 36], ['fred', 30], ['fred', 40]]
     */
    function sortBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
      var index = -1,
          length = collection && collection.length,
          multi = callback && isArray(callback),
          result = Array(length < 0 ? 0 : length >>> 0);

      if (!multi) {
        callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
      }
      baseEach(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
        if (multi) {
          var length = callback.length,
              criteria = Array(length);

          while (length--) {
            criteria[length] = value[callback[length]];
          }
        } else {
          criteria = callback(value, key, collection);
        }
        result[++index] = { 'criteria': criteria, 'index': index, 'value': value };
      });

      length = result.length;
      result.sort(multi ? compareMultipleAscending : compareAscending);
      while (length--) {
        result[length] = result[length].value;
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Converts `collection` to an array.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to convert.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new converted array.
     * @example
     *
     * (function() { return _.toArray(arguments).slice(1); })(1, 2, 3, 4);
     * // => [2, 3, 4]
     */
    function toArray(collection) {
      var length = collection && collection.length;
      if (typeof length == 'number' && length > -1 && length <= maxSafeInteger) {
        return (support.unindexedChars && isString(collection))
          ? collection.split('')
          : slice(collection);
      }
      return values(collection);
    }

    /**
     * Performs a deep comparison between each element in `collection` and the
     * source object, returning an array of all elements that have equivalent
     * property values.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to search.
     * @param {Object} source The object of property values to match.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new filtered array.
     * @example
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'employer': 'slate', 'pets': ['hoppy'] },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',   'age': 40, 'employer': 'slate', 'pets': ['baby puss', 'dino'] }
     * ];
     *
     * _.pluck(_.where(characters, { 'age': 36 }), 'name');
     * // => ['barney']
     *
     * _.pluck(_.where(characters, { 'pets': ['dino'] }), 'name');
     * // => ['fred']
     *
     * _.pluck(_.where(characters, { 'employer': 'slate' }), 'name');
     * // => ['barney', 'fred']
     */
    function where(collection, source) {
      return filter(collection, matches(source));
    }

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * Creates a function that executes `func`, with the `this` binding and
     * arguments of the created function, only after being called `n` times.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {number} n The number of times the function must be called before
     *  `func` is executed.
     * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
     * @example
     *
     * var saves = ['profile', 'settings'];
     *
     * var done = _.after(saves.length, function() {
     *   console.log('Done saving!');
     * });
     *
     * _.forEach(saves, function(type) {
     *   asyncSave({ 'type': type, 'complete': done });
     * });
     * // => logs 'Done saving!', after all saves have completed
     */
    function after(n, func) {
      if (!isFunction(func)) {
        throw new TypeError(funcErrorText);
      }
      n = nativeIsFinite(n = +n) ? n : 0;
      return function() {
        if (--n < 1) {
          return func.apply(this, arguments);
        }
      };
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function that invokes `func` with the `this` binding of `thisArg`
     * and prepends any additional `bind` arguments to those provided to the bound
     * function.
     *
     * Note: Unlike native `Function#bind` this method does not set the `length`
     * property of bound functions.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Function} func The function to bind.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
     * @param {...*} [args] Arguments to be partially applied.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
     * @example
     *
     * var func = function(greeting) {
     *   return greeting + ' ' + this.name;
     * };
     *
     * func = _.bind(func, { 'name': 'fred' }, 'hi');
     * func();
     * // => 'hi fred'
     */
    function bind(func, thisArg) {
      if (arguments.length < 3) {
        return createWrapper(func, BIND_FLAG, null, thisArg);
      }
      if (func) {
        var arity = func[expando] ? func[expando][2] : func.length,
            partialArgs = slice(arguments, 2);

        arity -= partialArgs.length;
      }
      return createWrapper(func, BIND_FLAG | PARTIAL_FLAG, arity, thisArg, partialArgs);
    }

    /**
     * Binds methods of an object to the object itself, overwriting the existing
     * method. Method names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays
     * of method names. If no method names are provided all enumerable function
     * properties, own and inherited, of `object` will be bound.
     *
     * Note: This method does not set the `length` property of bound functions.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Object} object The object to bind and assign the bound methods to.
     * @param {...string} [methodNames] The object method names to bind, specified
     *  as individual method names or arrays of method names.
     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
     * @example
     *
     * var view = {
     *   'label': 'docs',
     *   'onClick': function() { console.log('clicked ' + this.label); }
     * };
     *
     * _.bindAll(view);
     * jQuery('#docs').on('click', view.onClick);
     * // => logs 'clicked docs', when the button is clicked
     */
    function bindAll(object) {
      var funcs = arguments.length > 1 ? baseFlatten(arguments, true, false, 1) : functions(object),
          index = -1,
          length = funcs.length;

      while (++index < length) {
        var key = funcs[index];
        object[key] = createWrapper(object[key], BIND_FLAG, null, object);
      }
      return object;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function that invokes the method at `object[key]` and prepends
     * any additional `bindKey` arguments to those provided to the bound function.
     * This method differs from `_.bind` by allowing bound functions to reference
     * methods that will be redefined or don't yet exist.
     * See [Peter Michaux's article](http://michaux.ca/articles/lazy-function-definition-pattern)
     * for more details.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Object} object The object the method belongs to.
     * @param {string} key The key of the method.
     * @param {...*} [args] Arguments to be partially applied.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
     * @example
     *
     * var object = {
     *   'name': 'fred',
     *   'greet': function(greeting) {
     *     return greeting + ' ' + this.name;
     *   }
     * };
     *
     * var func = _.bindKey(object, 'greet', 'hi');
     * func();
     * // => 'hi fred'
     *
     * object.greet = function(greeting) {
     *   return greeting + 'ya ' + this.name + '!';
     * };
     *
     * func();
     * // => 'hiya fred!'
     */
    function bindKey(object, key) {
      return arguments.length < 3
        ? createWrapper(key, BIND_FLAG | BIND_KEY_FLAG, null, object)
        : createWrapper(key, BIND_FLAG | BIND_KEY_FLAG | PARTIAL_FLAG, null, object, slice(arguments, 2));
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function that is the composition of the provided functions,
     * where each function consumes the return value of the function that follows.
     * For example, composing the functions `f()`, `g()`, and `h()` produces `f(g(h()))`.
     * Each function is executed with the `this` binding of the composed function.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {...Function} [funcs] Functions to compose.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new composed function.
     * @example
     *
     * var realNameMap = {
     *   'pebbles': 'penelope'
     * };
     *
     * var format = function(name) {
     *   name = realNameMap[name.toLowerCase()] || name;
     *   return name.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + name.slice(1).toLowerCase();
     * };
     *
     * var greet = function(formatted) {
     *   return 'Hiya ' + formatted + '!';
     * };
     *
     * var welcome = _.compose(greet, format);
     * welcome('pebbles');
     * // => 'Hiya Penelope!'
     */
    function compose() {
      var funcs = arguments,
          funcsLength = funcs.length,
          length = funcsLength;

      while (length--) {
        if (!isFunction(funcs[length])) {
          throw new TypeError(funcErrorText);
        }
      }
      return function() {
        var length = funcsLength - 1,
            result = funcs[length].apply(this, arguments);

        while (length--) {
          result = funcs[length].call(this, result);
        }
        return result;
      };
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function which accepts one or more arguments of `func` that when
     * invoked either executes `func` returning its result, if all `func` arguments
     * have been provided, or returns a function that accepts one or more of the
     * remaining `func` arguments, and so on. The arity of `func` can be specified
     * if `func.length` is not sufficient.
     *
     * Note: This method does not set the `length` property of curried functions.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Function} func The function to curry.
     * @param {number} [arity=func.length] The arity of `func`.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new curried function.
     * @example
     *
     * var curried = _.curry(function(a, b, c) {
     *   console.log(a + b + c);
     * });
     *
     * curried(1)(2)(3);
     * // => 6
     *
     * curried(1, 2)(3);
     * // => 6
     *
     * curried(1, 2, 3);
     * // => 6
     */
    function curry(func, arity) {
      if (typeof arity != 'number') {
        arity = +arity || (func ? func.length : 0);
      }
      return createWrapper(func, CURRY_FLAG, arity);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function that will delay the execution of `func` until after
     * `wait` milliseconds have elapsed since the last time it was invoked.
     * Provide an options object to indicate that `func` should be invoked on
     * the leading and/or trailing edge of the `wait` timeout. Subsequent calls
     * to the debounced function will return the result of the last `func` call.
     *
     * Note: If `leading` and `trailing` options are `true`, `func` will be called
     * on the trailing edge of the timeout only if the the debounced function is
     * invoked more than once during the `wait` timeout.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Function} func The function to debounce.
     * @param {number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay.
     * @param {Object} [options] The options object.
     * @param {boolean} [options.leading=false] Specify execution on the leading edge of the timeout.
     * @param {number} [options.maxWait] The maximum time `func` is allowed to be delayed before it's called.
     * @param {boolean} [options.trailing=true] Specify execution on the trailing edge of the timeout.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new debounced function.
     * @example
     *
     * // avoid costly calculations while the window size is in flux
     * var lazyLayout = _.debounce(calculateLayout, 150);
     * jQuery(window).on('resize', lazyLayout);
     *
     * // execute `sendMail` when the click event is fired, debouncing subsequent calls
     * jQuery('#postbox').on('click', _.debounce(sendMail, 300, {
     *   'leading': true,
     *   'trailing': false
     * });
     *
     * // ensure `batchLog` is executed once after 1 second of debounced calls
     * var source = new EventSource('/stream');
     * source.addEventListener('message', _.debounce(batchLog, 250, {
     *   'maxWait': 1000
     * }, false);
     */
    function debounce(func, wait, options) {
      var args,
          maxTimeoutId,
          result,
          stamp,
          thisArg,
          timeoutId,
          trailingCall,
          lastCalled = 0,
          maxWait = false,
          trailing = true;

      if (!isFunction(func)) {
        throw new TypeError(funcErrorText);
      }
      wait = wait < 0 ? 0 : wait;
      if (options === true) {
        var leading = true;
        trailing = false;
      } else if (isObject(options)) {
        leading = options.leading;
        maxWait = 'maxWait' in options && nativeMax(wait, +options.maxWait || 0);
        trailing = 'trailing' in options ? options.trailing : trailing;
      }
      var delayed = function() {
        var remaining = wait - (now() - stamp);
        if (remaining <= 0 || remaining > wait) {
          if (maxTimeoutId) {
            clearTimeout(maxTimeoutId);
          }
          var isCalled = trailingCall;
          maxTimeoutId = timeoutId = trailingCall = undefined;
          if (isCalled) {
            lastCalled = now();
            result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
            if (!timeoutId && !maxTimeoutId) {
              args = thisArg = null;
            }
          }
        } else {
          timeoutId = setTimeout(delayed, remaining);
        }
      };

      var maxDelayed = function() {
        if (timeoutId) {
          clearTimeout(timeoutId);
        }
        maxTimeoutId = timeoutId = trailingCall = undefined;
        if (trailing || (maxWait !== wait)) {
          lastCalled = now();
          result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
          if (!timeoutId && !maxTimeoutId) {
            args = thisArg = null;
          }
        }
      };

      return function() {
        args = arguments;
        stamp = now();
        thisArg = this;
        trailingCall = trailing && (timeoutId || !leading);

        if (maxWait === false) {
          var leadingCall = leading && !timeoutId;
        } else {
          if (!maxTimeoutId && !leading) {
            lastCalled = stamp;
          }
          var remaining = maxWait - (stamp - lastCalled),
              isCalled = remaining <= 0 || remaining > maxWait;

          if (isCalled) {
            if (maxTimeoutId) {
              maxTimeoutId = clearTimeout(maxTimeoutId);
            }
            lastCalled = stamp;
            result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
          }
          else if (!maxTimeoutId) {
            maxTimeoutId = setTimeout(maxDelayed, remaining);
          }
        }
        if (isCalled && timeoutId) {
          timeoutId = clearTimeout(timeoutId);
        }
        else if (!timeoutId && wait !== maxWait) {
          timeoutId = setTimeout(delayed, wait);
        }
        if (leadingCall) {
          isCalled = true;
          result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
        }
        if (isCalled && !timeoutId && !maxTimeoutId) {
          args = thisArg = null;
        }
        return result;
      };
    }

    /**
     * Defers executing the `func` function until the current call stack has cleared.
     * Additional arguments will be provided to `func` when it is invoked.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Function} func The function to defer.
     * @param {...*} [args] Arguments to invoke the function with.
     * @returns {number} Returns the timer id.
     * @example
     *
     * _.defer(function(text) { console.log(text); }, 'deferred');
     * // logs 'deferred' after one or more milliseconds
     */
    function defer(func) {
      if (!isFunction(func)) {
        throw new TypeError(funcErrorText);
      }
      var args = slice(arguments, 1);
      return setTimeout(function() { func.apply(undefined, args); }, 1);
    }

    /**
     * Executes the `func` function after `wait` milliseconds. Additional arguments
     * will be provided to `func` when it is invoked.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Function} func The function to delay.
     * @param {number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay execution.
     * @param {...*} [args] Arguments to invoke the function with.
     * @returns {number} Returns the timer id.
     * @example
     *
     * _.delay(function(text) { console.log(text); }, 1000, 'later');
     * // => logs 'later' after one second
     */
    function delay(func, wait) {
      if (!isFunction(func)) {
        throw new TypeError(funcErrorText);
      }
      var args = slice(arguments, 2);
      return setTimeout(function() { func.apply(undefined, args); }, wait);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function that memoizes the result of `func`. If `resolver` is
     * provided it will be used to determine the cache key for storing the result
     * based on the arguments provided to the memoized function. By default, the
     * first argument provided to the memoized function is used as the cache key.
     * The `func` is executed with the `this` binding of the memoized function.
     * The result cache is exposed as the `cache` property on the memoized function.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Function} func The function to have its output memoized.
     * @param {Function} [resolver] The function to resolve the cache key.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new memoizing function.
     * @example
     *
     * var fibonacci = _.memoize(function(n) {
     *   return n < 2 ? n : fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
     * });
     *
     * fibonacci(9)
     * // => 34
     *
     * // modifying the result cache
     * var upperCase = _.memoize(function(string) {
     *   return string.toUpperCase();
     * });
     *
     * upperCase('fred');
     * // => 'FRED'
     *
     * upperCase.cache.fred = 'BARNEY'
     * upperCase('fred');
     * // => 'BARNEY'
     */
    function memoize(func, resolver) {
      if (!isFunction(func) || (resolver && !isFunction(resolver))) {
        throw new TypeError(funcErrorText);
      }
      var memoized = function() {
        var key = resolver ? resolver.apply(this, arguments) : arguments[0];
        if (key == '__proto__') {
          return func.apply(this, arguments);
        }
        var cache = memoized.cache;
        return hasOwnProperty.call(cache, key)
          ? cache[key]
          : (cache[key] = func.apply(this, arguments));
      }
      memoized.cache = {};
      return memoized;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function that negates the result of the predicate `func`. The
     * `func` function is executed with the `this` binding and arguments of the
     * created function.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Function} predicate The predicate to negate.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
     * @example
     *
     * function isEven(num) {
     *   return num % 2 == 0;
     * }
     *
     * _.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], _.negate(isEven));
     * // => [1, 3, 5]
     */
    function negate(predicate) {
      if (!isFunction(predicate)) {
        throw new TypeError(funcErrorText);
      }
      return function() {
        return !predicate.apply(this, arguments);
      };
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function that is restricted to execute `func` once. Repeat calls to
     * the function will return the value of the first call. The `func` is executed
     * with the `this` binding of the created function.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
     * @example
     *
     * var initialize = _.once(createApplication);
     * initialize();
     * initialize();
     * // `initialize` executes `createApplication` once
     */
    function once(func) {
      var ran,
          result;

      if (!isFunction(func)) {
        throw new TypeError(funcErrorText);
      }
      return function() {
        if (ran) {
          return result;
        }
        ran = true;
        result = func.apply(this, arguments);

        // clear the `func` variable so the function may be garbage collected
        func = null;
        return result;
      };
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function that invokes `func` with any additional `partial` arguments
     * prepended to those provided to the new function. This method is similar to
     * `_.bind` except it does **not** alter the `this` binding.
     *
     * Note: This method does not set the `length` property of partially applied
     * functions.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Function} func The function to partially apply arguments to.
     * @param {...*} [args] Arguments to be partially applied.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new partially applied function.
     * @example
     *
     * var greet = function(greeting, name) { return greeting + ' ' + name; };
     * var hi = _.partial(greet, 'hi');
     * hi('fred');
     * // => 'hi fred'
     */
    function partial(func) {
      if (func) {
        var arity = func[expando] ? func[expando][2] : func.length,
            partialArgs = slice(arguments, 1);

        arity -= partialArgs.length;
      }
      return createWrapper(func, PARTIAL_FLAG, arity, null, partialArgs);
    }

    /**
     * This method is like `_.partial` except that partially applied arguments
     * are appended to those provided to the new function.
     *
     * Note: This method does not set the `length` property of partially applied
     * functions.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Function} func The function to partially apply arguments to.
     * @param {...*} [args] Arguments to be partially applied.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new partially applied function.
     * @example
     *
     * var defaultsDeep = _.partialRight(_.merge, function deep(value, other) {
     *   return _.merge(value, other, deep);
     * });
     *
     * var object = { 'a': { 'b': { 'c': 1 } } },
     *     source = { 'a': { 'b': { 'c': 2, 'd': 2 } } };
     *
     * defaultsDeep(object, source);
     * // => { 'a': { 'b': { 'c': 1, 'd': 2 } } }
     */
    function partialRight(func) {
      if (func) {
        var arity = func[expando] ? func[expando][2] : func.length,
            partialRightArgs = slice(arguments, 1);

        arity -= partialRightArgs.length;
      }
      return createWrapper(func, PARTIAL_RIGHT_FLAG, arity, null, null, partialRightArgs);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function that, when executed, will only call the `func` function
     * at most once per every `wait` milliseconds. Provide an options object to
     * indicate that `func` should be invoked on the leading and/or trailing edge
     * of the `wait` timeout. Subsequent calls to the throttled function will
     * return the result of the last `func` call.
     *
     * Note: If `leading` and `trailing` options are `true`, `func` will be called
     * on the trailing edge of the timeout only if the the throttled function is
     * invoked more than once during the `wait` timeout.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Function} func The function to throttle.
     * @param {number} wait The number of milliseconds to throttle executions to.
     * @param {Object} [options] The options object.
     * @param {boolean} [options.leading=true] Specify execution on the leading edge of the timeout.
     * @param {boolean} [options.trailing=true] Specify execution on the trailing edge of the timeout.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new throttled function.
     * @example
     *
     * // avoid excessively updating the position while scrolling
     * var throttled = _.throttle(updatePosition, 100);
     * jQuery(window).on('scroll', throttled);
     *
     * // execute `renewToken` when the click event is fired, but not more than once every 5 minutes
     * jQuery('.interactive').on('click', _.throttle(renewToken, 300000, {
     *   'trailing': false
     * }));
     */
    function throttle(func, wait, options) {
      var leading = true,
          trailing = true;

      if (!isFunction(func)) {
        throw new TypeError(funcErrorText);
      }
      if (options === false) {
        leading = false;
      } else if (isObject(options)) {
        leading = 'leading' in options ? !!options.leading : leading;
        trailing = 'trailing' in options ? !!options.trailing : trailing;
      }
      debounceOptions.leading = leading;
      debounceOptions.maxWait = +wait;
      debounceOptions.trailing = trailing;

      return debounce(func, wait, debounceOptions);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function that provides `value` to the wrapper function as its
     * first argument. Additional arguments provided to the function are appended
     * to those provided to the wrapper function. The wrapper is executed with
     * the `this` binding of the created function.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {*} value The value to wrap.
     * @param {Function} wrapper The wrapper function.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
     * @example
     *
     * var p = _.wrap(_.escape, function(func, text) {
     *   return '<p>' + func(text) + '</p>';
     * });
     *
     * p('fred, barney, & pebbles');
     * // => '<p>fred, barney, &amp; pebbles</p>'
     */
    function wrap(value, wrapper) {
      return createWrapper(wrapper, PARTIAL_FLAG, null, null, [value]);
    }

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * Assigns own enumerable properties of source object(s) to the destination
     * object. Subsequent sources will overwrite property assignments of previous
     * sources. If a callback is provided it will be executed to produce the
     * assigned values. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
     * five arguments; (objectValue, sourceValue, key, object, source).
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias extend
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
     * @param {...Object} [sources] The source objects.
     * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize assigning values.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
     * @example
     *
     * _.assign({ 'name': 'fred' }, { 'employer': 'slate' });
     * // => { 'name': 'fred', 'employer': 'slate' }
     *
     * var defaults = _.partialRight(_.assign, function(value, other) {
     *   return typeof value == 'undefined' ? other : value;
     * });
     *
     * defaults({ 'name': 'barney' }, { 'name': 'fred', 'employer': 'slate' });
     * // => { 'name': 'barney', 'employer': 'slate' }
     */
    function assign(object, source, guard) {
      var args = arguments;
      if (!object || args.length < 2) {
        return object;
      }
      var argsIndex = 0,
          argsLength = args.length,
          type = typeof guard;

      // enables use as a callback for functions like `_.reduce`
      if ((type == 'number' || type == 'string') && args[3] && args[3][guard] === source) {
        argsLength = 2;
      }
      // juggle arguments
      if (argsLength > 3 && typeof args[argsLength - 2] == 'function') {
        var callback = baseCreateCallback(args[--argsLength - 1], args[argsLength--], 2);
      } else if (argsLength > 2 && typeof args[argsLength - 1] == 'function') {
        callback = args[--argsLength];
      }
      while (++argsIndex < argsLength) {
        source = args[argsIndex];
        var index = -1,
            props = keys(source),
            length = props.length;

        while (++index < length) {
          var key = props[index];
          object[key] = callback ? callback(object[key], source[key], key, object, source) : source[key];
        }
      }
      return object;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a clone of `value`. If `isDeep` is `true` nested objects will also
     * be cloned, otherwise they will be assigned by reference. If a callback
     * is provided it will be executed to produce the cloned values. If the
     * callback returns `undefined` cloning will be handled by the method instead.
     * The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with two argument; (value, index|key).
     *
     * Note: This method is loosely based on the structured clone algorithm. Functions
     * and DOM nodes are **not** cloned. The enumerable properties of `arguments` objects and
     * objects created by constructors other than `Object` are cloned to plain `Object` objects.
     * See the [HTML5 specification](http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/infrastructure.html#internal-structured-cloning-algorithm)
     * for more details.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {*} value The value to clone.
     * @param {boolean} [isDeep=false] Specify a deep clone.
     * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize cloning values.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {*} Returns the cloned value.
     * @example
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',   'age': 40 }
     * ];
     *
     * var shallow = _.clone(characters);
     * shallow[0] === characters[0];
     * // => true
     *
     * var deep = _.clone(characters, true);
     * deep[0] === characters[0];
     * // => false
     *
     * _.mixin({
     *   'clone': _.partialRight(_.clone, function(value) {
     *     return _.isElement(value) ? value.cloneNode(false) : undefined;
     *   })
     * });
     *
     * var clone = _.clone(document.body);
     * clone.childNodes.length;
     * // => 0
     */
    function clone(value, isDeep, callback, thisArg) {
      var type = typeof isDeep;

      // juggle arguments
      if (type != 'boolean' && isDeep != null) {
        thisArg = callback;
        callback = isDeep;
        isDeep = false;

        // enables use as a callback for functions like `_.map`
        if ((type == 'number' || type == 'string') && thisArg && thisArg[callback] === value) {
          callback = null;
        }
      }
      callback = typeof callback == 'function' && baseCreateCallback(callback, thisArg, 1);
      return baseClone(value, isDeep, callback);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a deep clone of `value`. If a callback is provided it will be
     * executed to produce the cloned values. If the callback returns `undefined`
     * cloning will be handled by the method instead. The callback is bound to
     * `thisArg` and invoked with two argument; (value, index|key).
     *
     * Note: This method is loosely based on the structured clone algorithm. Functions
     * and DOM nodes are **not** cloned. The enumerable properties of `arguments` objects and
     * objects created by constructors other than `Object` are cloned to plain `Object` objects.
     * See the [HTML5 specification](http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/infrastructure.html#internal-structured-cloning-algorithm)
     * for more details.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {*} value The value to deep clone.
     * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize cloning values.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {*} Returns the deep cloned value.
     * @example
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',   'age': 40 }
     * ];
     *
     * var deep = _.cloneDeep(characters);
     * deep[0] === characters[0];
     * // => false
     *
     * var view = {
     *   'label': 'docs',
     *   'node': element
     * };
     *
     * var clone = _.cloneDeep(view, function(value) {
     *   return _.isElement(value) ? value.cloneNode(true) : undefined;
     * });
     *
     * clone.node == view.node;
     * // => false
     */
    function cloneDeep(value, callback, thisArg) {
      callback = typeof callback == 'function' && baseCreateCallback(callback, thisArg, 1);
      return baseClone(value, true, callback);
    }

    /**
     * Creates an object that inherits from the given `prototype` object. If a
     * `properties` object is provided its own enumerable properties are assigned
     * to the created object.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} prototype The object to inherit from.
     * @param {Object} [properties] The properties to assign to the object.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
     * @example
     *
     * function Shape() {
     *   this.x = 0;
     *   this.y = 0;
     * }
     *
     * function Circle() {
     *   Shape.call(this);
     * }
     *
     * Circle.prototype = _.create(Shape.prototype, { 'constructor': Circle });
     *
     * var circle = new Circle;
     * circle instanceof Circle;
     * // => true
     *
     * circle instanceof Shape;
     * // => true
     */
    function create(prototype, properties) {
      var result = baseCreate(prototype);
      return properties ? assign(result, properties) : result;
    }

    /**
     * Assigns own enumerable properties of source object(s) to the destination
     * object for all destination properties that resolve to `undefined`. Once a
     * property is set, additional defaults of the same property will be ignored.
     *
     * Note: See the [documentation example of `_.partialRight`](http://lodash.com/docs#partialRight)
     * for a deep version of this method.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
     * @param {...Object} [sources] The source objects.
     * @param- {Object} [guard] Enables use as a callback for functions like `_.reduce`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
     * @example
     *
     * _.defaults({ 'name': 'barney' }, { 'name': 'fred', 'employer': 'slate' });
     * // => { 'name': 'barney', 'employer': 'slate' }
     */
    function defaults(object) {
      if (!object) {
        return object;
      }
      var args = slice(arguments);
      args.push(assignDefaults);
      return assign.apply(null, args);
    }

    /**
     * This method is like `_.findIndex` except that it returns the key of the
     * first element the predicate returns truthy for, instead of the element itself.
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to search.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=identity] The function called
     *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
     *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
     * @returns {string|undefined} Returns the key of the matched element, else `undefined`.
     * @example
     *
     * var characters = {
     *   'barney': { 'age': 36 },
     *   'fred': { 'age': 40, 'blocked': true },
     *   'pebbles': { 'age': 1 }
     * };
     *
     * _.findKey(characters, function(chr) {
     *   return chr.age < 40;
     * });
     * // => 'barney' (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
     *
     * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
     * _.findKey(characters, { 'age': 1 });
     * // => 'pebbles'
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.findKey(characters, 'blocked');
     * // => 'fred'
     */
    function findKey(object, predicate, thisArg) {
      predicate = lodash.createCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
      return baseFind(object, predicate, baseForOwn, true);
    }

    /**
     * This method is like `_.findKey` except that it iterates over elements of
     * a collection in the opposite order.
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `predicate` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `predicate` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to search.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [predicate=identity] The function called
     *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
     *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
     * @returns {string|undefined} Returns the key of the matched element, else `undefined`.
     * @example
     *
     * var characters = {
     *   'barney': { 'age': 36, 'blocked': true },
     *   'fred': { 'age': 40 },
     *   'pebbles': { 'age': 1, 'blocked': true }
     * };
     *
     * _.findLastKey(characters, function(chr) {
     *   return chr.age < 40;
     * });
     * // => returns `pebbles`, assuming `_.findKey` returns `barney`
     *
     * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
     * _.findLastKey(characters, { 'age': 40 });
     * // => 'fred'
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.findLastKey(characters, 'blocked');
     * // => 'pebbles'
     */
    function findLastKey(object, predicate, thisArg) {
      predicate = lodash.createCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
      return baseFind(object, predicate, baseForOwnRight, true);
    }

    /**
     * Iterates over own and inherited enumerable properties of an object executing
     * the callback for each property. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
     * with three arguments; (value, key, object). Callbacks may exit iteration
     * early by explicitly returning `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
     * @example
     *
     * function Shape() {
     *   this.x = 0;
     *   this.y = 0;
     * }
     *
     * Shape.prototype.z = 0;
     *
     * _.forIn(new Shape, function(value, key) {
     *   console.log(key);
     * });
     * // => logs 'x', 'y', and 'z' (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
     */
    function forIn(object, callback, thisArg) {
      callback = callback && typeof thisArg == 'undefined' ? callback : baseCreateCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
      return baseFor(object, callback, keysIn);
    }

    /**
     * This method is like `_.forIn` except that it iterates over elements of a
     * collection in the opposite order.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
     * @example
     *
     * function Shape() {
     *   this.x = 0;
     *   this.y = 0;
     * }
     *
     * Shape.prototype.z = 0;
     *
     * _.forInRight(new Shape, function(value, key) {
     *   console.log(key);
     * });
     * // => logs 'z', 'y', and 'x' assuming `_.forIn ` logs 'x', 'y', and 'z'
     */
    function forInRight(object, callback, thisArg) {
      callback = baseCreateCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
      return baseForRight(object, callback, keysIn);
    }

    /**
     * Iterates over own enumerable properties of an object executing the callback
     * for each property. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
     * arguments; (value, key, object). Callbacks may exit iteration early by
     * explicitly returning `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.forOwn({ '0': 'zero', '1': 'one', 'length': 2 }, function(num, key) {
     *   console.log(key);
     * });
     * // => logs '0', '1', and 'length' (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
     */
    function forOwn(object, callback, thisArg) {
      callback = callback && typeof thisArg == 'undefined' ? callback : baseCreateCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
      return baseForOwn(object, callback);
    }

    /**
     * This method is like `_.forOwn` except that it iterates over elements of a
     * collection in the opposite order.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.forOwnRight({ '0': 'zero', '1': 'one', 'length': 2 }, function(num, key) {
     *   console.log(key);
     * });
     * // => logs 'length', '1', and '0' assuming `_.forOwn` logs '0', '1', and 'length'
     */
    function forOwnRight(object, callback, thisArg) {
      callback = baseCreateCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
      return baseForRight(object, callback, keys);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a sorted array of function property names from all enumerable
     * properties, own and inherited, of `object`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias methods
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new sorted array of property names.
     * @example
     *
     * _.functions(_);
     * // => ['all', 'any', 'bind', 'bindAll', 'clone', 'compact', 'compose', ...]
     */
    function functions(object) {
      return baseFunctions(object, keysIn);
    }

    /**
     * Checks if the specified property name exists as a direct property of `object`,
     * instead of an inherited property.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
     * @param {string} key The name of the property to check.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if key is a direct property, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.has({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }, 'b');
     * // => true
     */
    function has(object, key) {
      return object ? hasOwnProperty.call(object, key) : false;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an object composed of the inverted keys and values of the given
     * object. If the given object contains duplicate values, subsequent values
     * will overwrite property assignments of previous values unless `multiValue`
     * is `true`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to invert.
     * @param {boolean} [multiValue=false] Allow multiple values per key.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the new inverted object.
     * @example
     *
     * _.invert({ 'first': 'fred', 'second': 'barney' });
     * // => { 'fred': 'first', 'barney': 'second' }
     *
     * // without `multiValue`
     * _.invert({ 'first': 'fred', 'second': 'barney', 'third': 'fred' });
     * // => { 'fred': 'third', 'barney': 'second' }
     *
     * // with `multiValue`
     * _.invert({ 'first': 'fred', 'second': 'barney', 'third': 'fred' }, true);
     * // => { 'fred': ['first', 'third'], 'barney': ['second'] }
     */
    function invert(object, multiValue) {
      var index = -1,
          props = keys(object),
          length = props.length,
          result = {};

      while (++index < length) {
        var key = props[index],
            value = object[key];

        if (multiValue) {
          if (hasOwnProperty.call(result, value)) {
            result[value].push(key);
          } else {
            result[value] = [key];
          }
        }
        else {
          result[value] = key;
        }
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is an `arguments` object.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {*} value The value to check.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is an `arguments` object, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * (function() { return _.isArguments(arguments); })();
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isArguments([1, 2, 3]);
     * // => false
     */
    function isArguments(value) {
      return (value && typeof value == 'object' && typeof value.length == 'number' &&
        toString.call(value) == argsClass) || false;
    }
    // fallback for environments without a `[[Class]]` for `arguments` objects
    if (!support.argsClass) {
      isArguments = function(value) {
        return (value && typeof value == 'object' && typeof value.length == 'number' &&
          hasOwnProperty.call(value, 'callee') && !propertyIsEnumerable.call(value, 'callee')) || false;
      };
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is an array.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {*} value The value to check.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is an array, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isArray([1, 2, 3]);
     * // => true
     *
     * (function() { return _.isArray(arguments); })();
     * // => false
     */
    var isArray = nativeIsArray || function(value) {
      return (value && typeof value == 'object' && typeof value.length == 'number' &&
        toString.call(value) == arrayClass) || false;
    };

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is a boolean value.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {*} value The value to check.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a boolean value, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isBoolean(false);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isBoolean(null);
     * // => false
     */
    function isBoolean(value) {
      return (value === true || value === false ||
        value && typeof value == 'object' && toString.call(value) == boolClass) || false;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is a `Date` object.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {*} value The value to check.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a date object, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isDate(new Date);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isDate('Mon April 23 2012');
     * // => false
     */
    function isDate(value) {
      return (value && typeof value == 'object' && toString.call(value) == dateClass) || false;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is a DOM element.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {*} value The value to check.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a DOM element, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isElement(document.body);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isElement('<body>');
     * // => false
     */
    function isElement(value) {
      return (value && typeof value == 'object' && value.nodeType === 1 &&
        (support.nodeClass ? toString.call(value).indexOf('Element') > -1 : isNode(value))) || false;
    }
    // fallback for environments without DOM support
    if (!support.dom) {
      isElement = function(value) {
        return (value && typeof value == 'object' && value.nodeType === 1 &&
          !isPlainObject(value)) || false;
      };
    }

    /**
     * Checks if a collection is empty. A value is considered empty unless it is
     * an array, array-like object, or string with a length greater than `0` or
     * an object with own properties.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Array|Object|string} value The value to inspect.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is empty, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isEmpty(null);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isEmpty(true);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isEmpty(1);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isEmpty([1, 2, 3]);
     * // => false
     *
     * _.isEmpty({ 'a': 1 });
     * // => false
     */
    function isEmpty(value) {
      var result = true;
      if (!value) {
        return result;
      }
      var length = value.length;
      if ((length > -1 && length <= maxSafeInteger) &&
          (isArray(value) || isString(value) || isArguments(value) ||
            (typeof value == 'object' && isFunction(value.splice)))) {
        return !length;
      }
      baseForOwn(value, function() {
        return (result = false);
      });
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Performs a deep comparison between two values to determine if they are
     * equivalent. If a callback is provided it will be executed to compare
     * values. If the callback returns `undefined` comparisons will be handled
     * by the method instead. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
     * with three arguments; (value, other, key).
     *
     * Note: This method supports comparing arrays, booleans, `Date` objects,
     * numbers, `Object` objects, regexes, and strings. Functions and DOM nodes
     * are **not** supported. A callback may be used to extend support for
     * comparing other values.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {*} value The value to compare to `other`.
     * @param {*} other The value to compare to `value`.
     * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize comparing values.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the values are equivalent, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * var object = { 'name': 'fred' };
     * var other = { 'name': 'fred' };
     *
     * object == other;
     * // => false
     *
     * _.isEqual(object, other);
     * // => true
     *
     * var words = ['hello', 'goodbye'];
     * var otherWords = ['hi', 'goodbye'];
     *
     * _.isEqual(words, otherWords, function() {
     *   return _.every(arguments, _.bind(RegExp.prototype.test, /^h(?:i|ello)$/)) || undefined;
     * });
     * // => true
     */
    function isEqual(value, other, callback, thisArg) {
      callback = typeof callback == 'function' && baseCreateCallback(callback, thisArg, 2);

      if (!callback) {
        // exit early for identical values
        if (value === other) {
          // treat `-0` vs. `+0` as not equal
          return value !== 0 || (1 / value == 1 / other);
        }
        var valType = typeof value,
            othType = typeof other;

        // exit early for unlike primitive values
        if (value === value && (value == null || other == null ||
            (valType != 'function' && valType != 'object' && othType != 'function' && othType != 'object'))) {
          return false;
        }
      }
      return baseIsEqual(value, other, callback);
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is an `Error`, `EvalError`, `RangeError`, `ReferenceError`,
     * `SyntaxError`, `TypeError`, or `URIError` object.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {*} value The value to check.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is an error object, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isError(new Error);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isError(Error);
     * // => false
     */
    function isError(value) {
      return (value && typeof value == 'object' && toString.call(value) == errorClass) || false;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is, or can be coerced to, a finite number.
     *
     * Note: This method is not the same as native `isFinite` which will return
     * `true` for booleans and empty strings. See the [ES5 spec](http://es5.github.io/#x15.1.2.5)
     * for more details.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {*} value The value to check.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is finite, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isFinite(-101);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isFinite('10');
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isFinite(true);
     * // => false
     *
     * _.isFinite('');
     * // => false
     *
     * _.isFinite(Infinity);
     * // => false
     */
    function isFinite(value) {
      return nativeIsFinite(value) && !nativeIsNaN(parseFloat(value));
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is a function.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {*} value The value to check.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a function, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isFunction(_);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isFunction(/abc/);
     * // => false
     */
    function isFunction(value) {
      return typeof value == 'function';
    }
    // fallback for older versions of Chrome and Safari
    if (isFunction(/x/)) {
      isFunction = function(value) {
        return typeof value == 'function' && toString.call(value) == funcClass;
      };
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is the language type of `Object`.
     * (e.g. arrays, functions, objects, regexes, `new Number(0)`, and `new String('')`)
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {*} value The value to check.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is an object, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isObject({});
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isObject([1, 2, 3]);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isObject(1);
     * // => false
     */
    function isObject(value) {
      // check if the value is the ECMAScript language type of `Object`
      // http://es5.github.io/#x8
      // and avoid a V8 bug
      // https://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2291
      var type = typeof value;
      return type == 'function' || (value && type == 'object') || false;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is `NaN`.
     *
     * Note: This method is not the same as native `isNaN` which will return `true`
     * for `undefined` and other non-numeric values. See the [ES5 spec](http://es5.github.io/#x15.1.2.4)
     * for more details.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {*} value The value to check.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is `NaN`, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isNaN(NaN);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isNaN(new Number(NaN));
     * // => true
     *
     * isNaN(undefined);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isNaN(undefined);
     * // => false
     */
    function isNaN(value) {
      // `NaN` as a primitive is the only value that is not equal to itself
      // (perform the `[[Class]]` check first to avoid errors with some host objects in IE)
      return isNumber(value) && value != +value;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is `null`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {*} value The value to check.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is `null`, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isNull(null);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isNull(void 0);
     * // => false
     */
    function isNull(value) {
      return value === null;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is a `Number` primitive or object.
     *
     * Note: `NaN` is considered a number. See the [ES5 spec](http://es5.github.io/#x8.5)
     * for more details.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {*} value The value to check.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a number, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isNumber(8.4);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isNumber(NaN);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isNumber('8.4');
     * // => false
     */
    function isNumber(value) {
      var type = typeof value;
      return type == 'number' ||
        (value && type == 'object' && toString.call(value) == numberClass) || false;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is an object created by the `Object` constructor or has
     * a `[[Prototype]]` of `null`.
     *
     * Note: This method assumes objects created by the `Object` constructor
     * have no inherited enumerable properties.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {*} value The value to check.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a plain object, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * function Shape() {
     *   this.x = 0;
     *   this.y = 0;
     * }
     *
     * _.isPlainObject(new Shape);
     * // => false
     *
     * _.isPlainObject([1, 2, 3]);
     * // => false
     *
     * _.isPlainObject({ 'x': 0, 'y': 0 });
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isPlainObject(Object.create(null));
     * // => true
     */
    var isPlainObject = !getPrototypeOf ? shimIsPlainObject : function(value) {
      if (!(value && toString.call(value) == objectClass) || (!support.argsClass && isArguments(value))) {
        return false;
      }
      var valueOf = value.valueOf,
          objProto = isNative(valueOf) && (objProto = getPrototypeOf(valueOf)) && getPrototypeOf(objProto);

      return objProto
        ? (value == objProto || getPrototypeOf(value) == objProto)
        : shimIsPlainObject(value);
    };

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is a `RegExp` object.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {*} value The value to check.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a regexp object, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isRegExp(/abc/);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isRegExp('/abc/');
     * // => false
     */
    function isRegExp(value) {
      return (isObject(value) && toString.call(value) == regexpClass) || false;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is a `String` primitive or object.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {*} value The value to check.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a string, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isString('abc');
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isString(1);
     * // => false
     */
    function isString(value) {
      return typeof value == 'string' ||
        (value && typeof value == 'object' && toString.call(value) == stringClass) || false;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is `undefined`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {*} value The value to check.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is `undefined`, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isUndefined(void 0);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isUndefined(null);
     * // => false
     */
    function isUndefined(value) {
      return typeof value == 'undefined';
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array of the own enumerable property names of `object`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of property names.
     * @example
     *
     * function Shape() {
     *   this.x = 0;
     *   this.y = 0;
     * }
     *
     * Shape.prototype.z = 0;
     *
     * _.keys(new Shape);
     * // => ['x', 'y'] (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
     */
    var keys = !nativeKeys ? shimKeys : function(object) {
      var ctor = object && object.constructor,
          length = object ? object.length : 0;

      if ((typeof length == 'number' && length > 0) ||
          (ctor && object === ctor.prototype)) {
        return shimKeys(object);
      }
      return isObject(object) ? nativeKeys(object) : [];
    };

    /**
     * Creates an array of the own and inherited enumerable property names of `object`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of property names.
     * @example
     *
     * function Shape() {
     *   this.x = 0;
     *   this.y = 0;
     * }
     *
     * Shape.prototype.z = 0;
     *
     * _.keysIn(new Shape);
     * // => ['x', 'y', 'z'] (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
     */
    function keysIn(object) {
      if (!isObject(object)) {
        return [];
      }
      var length = object.length;
      length = (typeof length == 'number' && length > 0 &&
        (isArray(object) || (support.nonEnumStrings && isString(object)) ||
          (support.nonEnumArgs && isArguments(object))) && length) >>> 0;

      var keyIndex,
          ctor = object.constructor,
          index = -1,
          isProto = ctor && object === ctor.prototype,
          maxIndex = length - 1,
          result = Array(length),
          skipIndexes = length > 0,
          skipErrorProps = support.enumErrorProps && (object === errorProto || object instanceof Error),
          skipProto = support.enumPrototypes && typeof object == 'function';

      while (++index < length) {
        result[index] = String(index);
      }
      for (var key in object) {
        if (!(isProto && key == 'constructor') &&
            !(skipProto && key == 'prototype') &&
            !(skipErrorProps && (key == 'message' || key == 'name')) &&
            !(skipIndexes && (keyIndex = +key, keyIndex > -1 && keyIndex <= maxIndex && keyIndex % 1 == 0))) {
          result.push(key);
        }
      }
      // Lo-Dash skips the `constructor` property when it infers it's iterating
      // over a `prototype` object because IE < 9 can't set the `[[Enumerable]]`
      // attribute of an existing property and the `constructor` property of a
      // prototype defaults to non-enumerable.
      if (support.nonEnumShadows && object !== objectProto) {
        index = -1;
        length = shadowedProps.length;

        if (isProto) {
          var className = object === stringProto ? stringClass : object === errorProto ? errorClass : toString.call(object),
              nonEnum = nonEnumProps[className];
        }
        while (++index < length) {
          key = shadowedProps[index];
          if (!(nonEnum && nonEnum[key]) && hasOwnProperty.call(object, key)) {
            result.push(key);
          }
        }
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an object with the same keys as `object` and values generated by
     * running each own enumerable property of `object` through the callback.
     * The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments;
     * (value, key, object).
     *
     * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
     * callback will return the property value of the given element.
     *
     * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
     * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
     * else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
     * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
     *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
     *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback respectively.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the new mapped object.
     * @example
     *
     * _.mapValues({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3} , function(num) { return num * 3; });
     * // => { 'a': 3, 'b': 6, 'c': 9 }
     *
     * var characters = {
     *   'fred': { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 },
     *   'pebbles': { 'name': 'pebbles', 'age': 1 }
     * };
     *
     * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
     * _.mapValues(characters, 'age');
     * // => { 'fred': 40, 'pebbles': 1 }
     */
    function mapValues(object, callback, thisArg) {
      var result = {};
      callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);

      baseForOwn(object, function(value, key, object) {
        result[key] = callback(value, key, object);
      });
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Recursively merges own enumerable properties of the source object(s), that
     * don't resolve to `undefined` into the destination object. Subsequent sources
     * will overwrite property assignments of previous sources. If a callback is
     * provided it will be executed to produce the merged values of the destination
     * and source properties. If the callback returns `undefined` merging will
     * be handled by the method instead. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and
     * invoked with five arguments; (objectValue, sourceValue, key, object, source).
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
     * @param {...Object} [sources] The source objects.
     * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize merging properties.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
     * @example
     *
     * var names = {
     *   'characters': [
     *     { 'name': 'barney' },
     *     { 'name': 'fred' }
     *   ]
     * };
     *
     * var ages = {
     *   'characters': [
     *     { 'age': 36 },
     *     { 'age': 40 }
     *   ]
     * };
     *
     * _.merge(names, ages);
     * // => { 'characters': [{ 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 }, { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 }] }
     *
     * var food = {
     *   'fruits': ['apple'],
     *   'vegetables': ['beet']
     * };
     *
     * var otherFood = {
     *   'fruits': ['banana'],
     *   'vegetables': ['carrot']
     * };
     *
     * _.merge(food, otherFood, function(a, b) {
     *   return _.isArray(a) ? a.concat(b) : undefined;
     * });
     * // => { 'fruits': ['apple', 'banana'], 'vegetables': ['beet', 'carrot] }
     */
    function merge(object, source, guard) {
      var args = arguments,
          length = args.length,
          type = typeof guard;

      if (!object || length < 2) {
        return object;
      }
      // enables use as a callback for functions like `_.reduce`
      if ((type == 'number' || type == 'string') && args[3] && args[3][guard] === source) {
        length = 2;
      }
      // juggle arguments
      if (length > 3 && typeof args[length - 2] == 'function') {
        var callback = baseCreateCallback(args[--length - 1], args[length--], 2);
      } else if (length > 2 && typeof args[length - 1] == 'function') {
        callback = args[--length];
      }
      var sources = slice(args, 1, length),
          index = -1,
          stackA = [],
          stackB = [];

      while (++index < length) {
        baseMerge(object, sources[index], callback, stackA, stackB);
      }
      return object;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a shallow clone of `object` excluding the specified properties.
     * Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of
     * property names. If a predicate is provided it will be executed for each
     * property of `object` omitting the properties the predicate returns truthy
     * for. The predicate is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments;
     * (value, key, object).
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The source object.
     * @param {Function|...(string|string[])} [predicate] The function called per
     *  iteration or property names to omit, specified as individual property
     *  names or arrays of property names.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
     * @example
     *
     * _.omit({ 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 }, 'age');
     * // => { 'name': 'fred' }
     *
     * _.omit({ 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 }, function(value) {
     *   return typeof value == 'number';
     * });
     * // => { 'name': 'fred' }
     */
    function omit(object, predicate, thisArg) {
      if (typeof predicate == 'function') {
        predicate = lodash.createCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
        return pick(object, negate(predicate));
      }
      var omitProps = baseFlatten(arguments, true, false, 1),
          length = omitProps.length;

      while (length--) {
        omitProps[length] = String(omitProps[length]);
      }
      return pick(object, baseDifference(keysIn(object), omitProps));
    }

    /**
     * Creates a two dimensional array of a given object's key-value pairs,
     * i.e. `[[key1, value1], [key2, value2]]`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of key-value pairs.
     * @example
     *
     * _.pairs({ 'barney': 36, 'fred': 40 });
     * // => [['barney', 36], ['fred', 40]] (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
     */
    function pairs(object) {
      var index = -1,
          props = keys(object),
          length = props.length,
          result = Array(length);

      while (++index < length) {
        var key = props[index];
        result[index] = [key, object[key]];
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a shallow clone of `object` composed of the specified properties.
     * Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of
     * property names. If a predicate is provided it will be executed for each
     * property of `object` picking the properties the predicate returns truthy
     * for. The predicate is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments;
     * (value, key, object).
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The source object.
     * @param {Function|...(string|string[])} [predicate] The function called per
     *  iteration or property names to pick, specified as individual property
     *  names or arrays of property names.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `predicate`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
     * @example
     *
     * _.pick({ 'name': 'fred', '_userid': 'fred1' }, 'name');
     * // => { 'name': 'fred' }
     *
     * _.pick({ 'name': 'fred', '_userid': 'fred1' }, function(value, key) {
     *   return key.charAt(0) != '_';
     * });
     * // => { 'name': 'fred' }
     */
    function pick(object, predicate, thisArg) {
      var result = {};

      if (typeof predicate != 'function') {
        var index = -1,
            props = baseFlatten(arguments, true, false, 1),
            length = isObject(object) ? props.length : 0;

        while (++index < length) {
          var key = props[index];
          if (key in object) {
            result[key] = object[key];
          }
        }
      } else {
        predicate = lodash.createCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
        baseForIn(object, function(value, key, object) {
          if (predicate(value, key, object)) {
            result[key] = value;
          }
        });
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * An alternative to `_.reduce`; this method transforms `object` to a new
     * `accumulator` object which is the result of running each of its own
     * enumerable properties through a callback, with each callback execution
     * potentially mutating the `accumulator` object. The callback is bound to
     * `thisArg` and invoked with four arguments; (accumulator, value, key, object).
     * Callbacks may exit iteration early by explicitly returning `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Array|Object} object The object to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
     * @param {*} [accumulator] The custom accumulator value.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {*} Returns the accumulated value.
     * @example
     *
     * var squares = _.transform([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], function(result, num) {
     *   num *= num;
     *   if (num % 2) {
     *     return result.push(num) < 3;
     *   }
     * });
     * // => [1, 9, 25]
     *
     * var mapped = _.transform({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }, function(result, num, key) {
     *   result[key] = num * 3;
     * });
     * // => { 'a': 3, 'b': 6, 'c': 9 }
     */
    function transform(object, callback, accumulator, thisArg) {
      var isArr = isArray(object);
      if (accumulator == null) {
        if (isArr) {
          accumulator = [];
        } else {
          if (isObject(object)) {
            var ctor = object.constructor,
                proto = ctor && ctor.prototype;
          }
          accumulator = baseCreate(proto);
        }
      }
      if (callback) {
        callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 4);
        (isArr ? arrayEach : baseForOwn)(object, function(value, index, object) {
          return callback(accumulator, value, index, object);
        });
      }
      return accumulator;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array of the own enumerable property values of `object`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of property values.
     * @example
     *
     * function Shape(x, y) {
     *   this.x = x;
     *   this.y = y;
     * }
     *
     * Shape.prototype.z = 0;
     *
     * _.values(new Shape(2, 1));
     * // => [2, 1] (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
     */
    function values(object) {
      return baseValues(object, keys);
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array of the own and inherited enumerable property values
     * of `object`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of property values.
     * @example
     *
     * function Shape(x, y) {
     *   this.x = x;
     *   this.y = y;
     * }
     *
     * Shape.prototype.z = 0;
     *
     * _.valuesIn(new Shape(2, 1));
     * // => [2, 1, 0] (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
     */
    function valuesIn(object) {
      return baseValues(object, keysIn);
    }

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * Converts `string` to camel case.
     * See [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CamelCase) for more details.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Strings
     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to camel case.
     * @returns {string} Returns the camel cased string.
     * @example
     *
     * _.camelCase('Hello world');
     * // => 'helloWorld'
     *
     * _.camelCase('--hello-world');
     * // => 'helloWorld'
     *
     * _.camelCase('__hello_world__');
     * // => 'helloWorld'
     */
    var camelCase = createCompounder(function(result, word, index) {
      if (!index && reAllCaps.test(word)) {
        return result + word.toLowerCase();
      }
      return result + (word.charAt(0)[index ? 'toUpperCase' : 'toLowerCase']() + word.slice(1));
    });

    /**
     * Capitalizes the first character of `string`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Strings
     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to capitalize.
     * @returns {string} Returns the capitalized string.
     * @example
     *
     * _.capitalize('fred');
     * // => 'Fred'
     */
    function capitalize(string) {
      if (string == null) {
        return '';
      }
      string = String(string);
      return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.slice(1);
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `string` ends with a given target string.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Strings
     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to search.
     * @param {string} [target] The string to search for.
     * @param {number} [position=string.length] The position to search from.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the given string ends with the
     *  target string, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.endsWith('abc', 'c');
     * // => true
     *
     * _.endsWith('abc', 'b');
     * // => false
     *
     * _.endsWith('abc', 'b', 2);
     * // => true
     */
    function endsWith(string, target, position) {
      string = string == null ? '' : String(string);
      target = String(target);

      var length = string.length;
      position = (typeof position == 'undefined' ? length : nativeMin(position < 0 ? 0 : (+position || 0), length)) - target.length;
      return position >= 0 && string.indexOf(target, position) == position;
    }

    /**
     * Converts the characters "&", "<", ">", '"', and "'" in `string` to
     * their corresponding HTML entities.
     *
     * Note: No other characters are escaped. To escape additional characters
     * use a third-party library like [_he_](http://mths.be/he).
     *
     * When working with HTML you should always quote attribute values to reduce
     * XSS vectors. See [Ryan Grove's article](http://wonko.com/post/html-escaping)
     * for more details.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Strings
     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to escape.
     * @returns {string} Returns the escaped string.
     * @example
     *
     * _.escape('fred, barney, & pebbles');
     * // => 'fred, barney, &amp; pebbles'
     */
    function escape(string) {
      return string == null ? '' : String(string).replace(reUnescapedHtml, escapeHtmlChar);
    }

    /**
     * Escapes the `RegExp` special characters "\", "^", "$", ".", "|", "?", "*",
     * "+", "(", ")", "[", "]", "{" and "}" in `string`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Strings
     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to escape.
     * @returns {string} Returns the escaped string.
     * @example
     *
     * _.escapeRegExp('[lodash](http://lodash.com)');
     * // => '\[lodash\]\(http://lodash\.com\)'
     */
    function escapeRegExp(string) {
      return string == null ? '' : String(string).replace(reRegExpChars, '\\$&');
    }

    /**
     * Converts `string` to kebab case (a.k.a. spinal case).
     * See [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_case#Computers) for
     * more details.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Strings
     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to kebab case.
     * @returns {string} Returns the kebab cased string.
     * @example
     *
     * _.kebabCase('Hello world');
     * // => 'hello-world'
     *
     * _.kebabCase('helloWorld');
     * // => 'hello-world'
     *
     * _.kebabCase('__hello_world__');
     * // => 'hello-world'
     */
    var kebabCase = createCompounder(function(result, word, index) {
      return result + (index ? '-' : '') + word.toLowerCase();
    });

    /**
     * Pads `string` on the left and right sides if it is shorter then the given
     * padding length. The `chars` string may be truncated if the number of padding
     * characters can't be evenly divided by the padding length.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Strings
     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to pad.
     * @param {number} [length=0] The padding length.
     * @param {string} [chars=' '] The string used as padding.
     * @returns {string} Returns the padded string.
     * @example
     *
     * _.pad('abc', 8);
     * // => '  abc   '
     *
     * _.pad('abc', 8, '_-');
     * // => '_-abc_-_'
     *
     * _.pad('abc', 3);
     * // => 'abc'
     */
    function pad(string, length, chars) {
      string = string == null ? '' : String(string);
      length = +length;

      var strLength = string.length;
      if (strLength >= length || !nativeIsFinite(length)) {
        return string;
      }
      var mid = (length - strLength) / 2,
          leftLength = floor(mid),
          rightLength = ceil(mid);

      chars = createPad('', rightLength, chars);
      return chars.slice(0, leftLength) + string + chars;
    }

    /**
     * Pads `string` on the left side if it is shorter then the given padding
     * length. The `chars` string may be truncated if the number of padding
     * characters exceeds the padding length.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Strings
     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to pad.
     * @param {number} [length=0] The padding length.
     * @param {string} [chars=' '] The string used as padding.
     * @returns {string} Returns the padded string.
     * @example
     *
     * _.padLeft('abc', 6);
     * // => '   abc'
     *
     * _.padLeft('abc', 6, '_-');
     * // => '_-_abc'
     *
     * _.padLeft('abc', 3);
     * // => 'abc'
     */
    function padLeft(string, length, chars) {
      string = string == null ? '' : String(string);
      return createPad(string, length, chars) + string;
    }

    /**
     * Pads `string` on the right side if it is shorter then the given padding
     * length. The `chars` string may be truncated if the number of padding
     * characters exceeds the padding length.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Strings
     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to pad.
     * @param {number} [length=0] The padding length.
     * @param {string} [chars=' '] The string used as padding.
     * @returns {string} Returns the padded string.
     * @example
     *
     * _.padRight('abc', 6);
     * // => 'abc   '
     *
     * _.padRight('abc', 6, '_-');
     * // => 'abc_-_'
     *
     * _.padRight('abc', 3);
     * // => 'abc'
     */
    function padRight(string, length, chars) {
      string = string == null ? '' : String(string);
      return string + createPad(string, length, chars);
    }

    /**
     * Repeats the given string `n` times.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Strings
     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to repeat.
     * @param {number} [n=0] The number of times to repeat the string.
     * @returns {string} Returns the repeated string.
     * @example
     *
     * _.repeat('*', 3);
     * // => '***'
     *
     * _.repeat('abc', 2);
     * // => 'abcabc'
     *
     * _.repeat('abc', 0);
     * // => ''
     */
    function repeat(string, n) {
      var result = '';
      n = +n;

      if (n < 1 || string == null || !nativeIsFinite(n)) {
        return result;
      }
      string = String(string);
      do {
        if (n % 2) {
          result += string;
        }
        n = floor(n / 2);
        string += string;
      } while (n);
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Converts `string` to snake case.
     * See [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_case) for more details.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Strings
     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to snake case.
     * @returns {string} Returns the snake cased string.
     * @example
     *
     * _.snakeCase('Hello world');
     * // => 'hello_world'
     *
     * _.snakeCase('--hello-world');
     * // => 'hello_world'
     *
     * _.snakeCase('helloWorld');
     * // => 'hello_world'
     */
    var snakeCase = createCompounder(function(result, word, index) {
      return result + (index ? '_' : '') + word.toLowerCase();
    });

    /**
     * Checks if `string` starts with a given target string.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Strings
     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to search.
     * @param {string} [target] The string to search for.
     * @param {number} [position=0] The position to search from.
     * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the given string starts with the
     *  target string, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.startsWith('abc', 'a');
     * // => true
     *
     * _.startsWith('abc', 'b');
     * // => false
     *
     * _.startsWith('abc', 'b', 1);
     * // => true
     */
    function startsWith(string, target, position) {
      string = string == null ? '' : String(string);
      position = typeof position == 'undefined' ? 0 : nativeMin(position < 0 ? 0 : (+position || 0), string.length);
      return string.lastIndexOf(target, position) == position;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a compiled template function that can interpolate data properties
     * in "interpolate" delimiters, HTML-escaped interpolated data properties in
     * "escape" delimiters, and execute JavaScript in "evaluate" delimiters. If
     * a data object is provided the interpolated template string will be returned.
     * Data properties may be accessed as free variables in the template. If a
     * settings object is provided it will override `_.templateSettings` for the
     * template.
     *
     * Note: In the development build, `_.template` utilizes sourceURLs for easier debugging.
     * See the [HTML5 Rocks article on sourcemaps](http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/developertools/sourcemaps/#toc-sourceurl)
     * for more details.
     *
     * For more information on precompiling templates see
     * [Lo-Dash's custom builds documentation](http://lodash.com/custom-builds).
     *
     * For more information on Chrome extension sandboxes see
     * [Chrome's extensions documentation](http://developer.chrome.com/stable/extensions/sandboxingEval.html).
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Strings
     * @param {string} [string=''] The template string.
     * @param {Object} [data] The data object used to populate the template string.
     * @param {Object} [options] The options object.
     * @param {RegExp} [options.escape] The HTML "escape" delimiter.
     * @param {RegExp} [options.evaluate] The "evaluate" delimiter.
     * @param {Object} [options.imports] An object to import into the template as free variables.
     * @param {RegExp} [options.interpolate] The "interpolate" delimiter.
     * @param {string} [options.sourceURL] The sourceURL of the template's compiled source.
     * @param {string} [options.variable] The data object variable name.
     * @returns {Function|string} Returns the interpolated string if a data object
     *  is provided, else the compiled template function.
     * @example
     *
     * // using the "interpolate" delimiter to create a compiled template
     * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= name %>');
     * compiled({ 'name': 'fred' });
     * // => 'hello fred'
     *
     * // using the HTML "escape" delimiter to escape data property values
     * _.template('<b><%- value %></b>', { 'value': '<script>' });
     * // => '<b>&lt;script&gt;</b>'
     *
     * // using the "evaluate" delimiter to execute JavaScript and generate HTML
     * var list = '<% _.forEach(people, function(name) { %><li><%- name %></li><% }); %>';
     * _.template(list, { 'people': ['fred', 'barney'] });
     * // => '<li>fred</li><li>barney</li>'
     *
     * // using the ES6 delimiter as an alternative to the default "interpolate" delimiter
     * _.template('hello ${ name }', { 'name': 'pebbles' });
     * // => 'hello pebbles'
     *
     * // using the internal `print` function in "evaluate" delimiters
     * _.template('<% print("hello " + name); %>!', { 'name': 'barney' });
     * // => 'hello barney!'
     *
     * // using a custom template delimiters
     * _.templateSettings.interpolate = /{{([\s\S]+?)}}/g;
     * _.template('hello {{ name }}!', { 'name': 'mustache' });
     * // => 'hello mustache!'
     *
     * // using the `imports` option to import jQuery
     * var list = '<% jq.each(people, function(name) { %><li><%- name %></li><% }); %>';
     * _.template(list, { 'people': ['fred', 'barney'] }, { 'imports': { 'jq': jQuery } });
     * // => '<li>fred</li><li>barney</li>'
     *
     * // using the `sourceURL` option to specify a custom sourceURL for the template
     * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= name %>', null, { 'sourceURL': '/basic/greeting.jst' });
     * compiled(data);
     * // => find the source of "greeting.jst" under the Sources tab or Resources panel of the web inspector
     *
     * // using the `variable` option to ensure a with-statement isn't used in the compiled template
     * var compiled = _.template('hi <%= data.name %>!', null, { 'variable': 'data' });
     * compiled.source;
     * // => function(data) {
     *   var __t, __p = '', __e = _.escape;
     *   __p += 'hi ' + ((__t = ( data.name )) == null ? '' : __t) + '!';
     *   return __p;
     * }
     *
     * // using the `source` property to inline compiled templates for meaningful
     * // line numbers in error messages and a stack trace
     * fs.writeFileSync(path.join(cwd, 'jst.js'), '\
     *   var JST = {\
     *     "main": ' + _.template(mainText).source + '\
     *   };\
     * ');
     */
    function template(string, data, options) {
      // based on John Resig's `tmpl` implementation
      // http://ejohn.org/blog/javascript-micro-templating/
      // and Laura Doktorova's doT.js
      // https://github.com/olado/doT
      var settings = lodash.templateSettings;
      options = assign({}, options, settings, assignOwnDefaults);
      string = String(string == null ? '' : string);

      var imports = assign({}, options.imports, settings.imports, assignOwnDefaults),
          importsKeys = keys(imports),
          importsValues = values(imports);

      var isEscaping,
          isEvaluating,
          index = 0,
          interpolate = options.interpolate || reNoMatch,
          source = "__p += '";

      // compile the regexp to match each delimiter
      var reDelimiters = RegExp(
        (options.escape || reNoMatch).source + '|' +
        interpolate.source + '|' +
        (interpolate === reInterpolate ? reEsTemplate : reNoMatch).source + '|' +
        (options.evaluate || reNoMatch).source + '|$'
      , 'g');

      string.replace(reDelimiters, function(match, escapeValue, interpolateValue, esTemplateValue, evaluateValue, offset) {
        interpolateValue || (interpolateValue = esTemplateValue);

        // escape characters that cannot be included in string literals
        source += string.slice(index, offset).replace(reUnescapedString, escapeStringChar);

        // replace delimiters with snippets
        if (escapeValue) {
          isEscaping = true;
          source += "' +\n__e(" + escapeValue + ") +\n'";
        }
        if (evaluateValue) {
          isEvaluating = true;
          source += "';\n" + evaluateValue + ";\n__p += '";
        }
        if (interpolateValue) {
          source += "' +\n((__t = (" + interpolateValue + ")) == null ? '' : __t) +\n'";
        }
        index = offset + match.length;

        // the JS engine embedded in Adobe products requires returning the `match`
        // string in order to produce the correct `offset` value
        return match;
      });

      source += "';\n";

      // if `variable` is not specified, wrap a with-statement around the generated
      // code to add the data object to the top of the scope chain
      var variable = options.variable;
      if (!variable) {
        source = 'with (obj) {\n' + source + '\n}\n';
      }
      // cleanup code by stripping empty strings
      source = (isEvaluating ? source.replace(reEmptyStringLeading, '') : source)
        .replace(reEmptyStringMiddle, '$1')
        .replace(reEmptyStringTrailing, '$1;');

      // frame code as the function body
      source = 'function(' + (variable || 'obj') + ') {\n' +
        (variable
          ? ''
          : 'obj || (obj = {});\n'
        ) +
        "var __t, __p = ''" +
        (isEscaping
           ? ', __e = _.escape'
           : ''
        ) +
        (isEvaluating
          ? ', __j = Array.prototype.join;\n' +
            "function print() { __p += __j.call(arguments, '') }\n"
          : ';\n'
        ) +
        source +
        'return __p\n}';

      // use a sourceURL for easier debugging
      // http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/developertools/sourcemaps/#toc-sourceurl
      var sourceURL = options.sourceURL || ('/lodash/template/source[' + (templateCounter++) + ']'),
          result = compileFunction(source, importsKeys, importsValues, sourceURL);

      return data ? result(data) : result;
    }

    /**
     * Removes leading and trailing whitespace or specified characters from `string`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Strings
     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to trim.
     * @param {string} [chars=whitespace] The characters to trim.
     * @returns {string} Returns the trimmed string.
     * @example
     *
     * _.trim('  fred  ');
     * // => 'fred'
     *
     * _.trim('-_-fred-_-', '_-');
     * // => 'fred'
     */
    function trim(string, chars) {
      string = string == null ? '' : String(string);
      if (!string) {
        return string;
      }
      if (chars == null) {
        return string.slice(trimmedLeftIndex(string), trimmedRightIndex(string) + 1);
      }
      chars = String(chars);
      return string.slice(charsLeftIndex(string, chars), charsRightIndex(string, chars) + 1);
    }

    /**
     * Removes leading whitespace or specified characters from `string`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Strings
     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to trim.
     * @param {string} [chars=whitespace] The characters to trim.
     * @returns {string} Returns the trimmed string.
     * @example
     *
     * _.trimLeft('  fred  ');
     * // => 'fred  '
     *
     * _.trimLeft('-_-fred-_-', '_-');
     * // => 'fred-_-'
     */
    function trimLeft(string, chars) {
      string = string == null ? '' : String(string);
      if (!string) {
        return string;
      }
      if (chars == null) {
        return string.slice(trimmedLeftIndex(string))
      }
      chars = String(chars);
      return string.slice(charsLeftIndex(string, chars));
    }

    /**
     * Removes trailing whitespace or specified characters from `string`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Strings
     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to trim.
     * @param {string} [chars=whitespace] The characters to trim.
     * @returns {string} Returns the trimmed string.
     * @example
     *
     * _.trimRight('  fred  ');
     * // => '  fred'
     *
     * _.trimRight('-_-fred-_-', '_-');
     * // => '-_-fred'
     */
    function trimRight(string, chars) {
      string = string == null ? '' : String(string);
      if (!string) {
        return string;
      }
      if (chars == null) {
        return string.slice(0, trimmedRightIndex(string) + 1)
      }
      chars = String(chars);
      return string.slice(0, charsRightIndex(string, chars) + 1);
    }

    /**
     * Truncates `string` if it is longer than the given maximum string length.
     * The last characters of the truncated string will be replaced with the
     * omission string which defaults to "...".
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Strings
     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to truncate.
     * @param {Object|number} [options] The options object or maximum string length.
     * @param {number} [options.length=30] The maximum string length.
     * @param {string} [options.omission='...'] The string used to indicate text is omitted.
     * @param {RegExp|string} [options.separator] The separator pattern to truncate to.
     * @returns {string} Returns the truncated string.
     * @example
     *
     * _.truncate('hi-diddly-ho there, neighborino');
     * // => 'hi-diddly-ho there, neighbo...'
     *
     * _.truncate('hi-diddly-ho there, neighborino', 24);
     * // => 'hi-diddly-ho there, n...'
     *
     * _.truncate('hi-diddly-ho there, neighborino', { 'length': 24, 'separator': ' ' });
     * // => 'hi-diddly-ho there,...'
     *
     * _.truncate('hi-diddly-ho there, neighborino', { 'length': 24, 'separator': /,? +/ });
     * //=> 'hi-diddly-ho there...'
     *
     * _.truncate('hi-diddly-ho there, neighborino', { 'omission': ' [...]' });
     * // => 'hi-diddly-ho there, neig [...]'
     */
    function truncate(string, options) {
      var length = 30,
          omission = '...';

      if (options && isObject(options)) {
        var separator = 'separator' in options ? options.separator : separator;
        length = 'length' in options ? +options.length || 0 : length;
        omission = 'omission' in options ? String(options.omission) : omission;
      }
      else if (options != null) {
        length = +options || 0;
      }
      string = string == null ? '' : String(string);
      if (length >= string.length) {
        return string;
      }
      var end = length - omission.length;
      if (end < 1) {
        return omission;
      }
      var result = string.slice(0, end);
      if (separator == null) {
        return result + omission;
      }
      if (isRegExp(separator)) {
        if (string.slice(end).search(separator)) {
          var match,
              newEnd,
              substring = string.slice(0, end);

          if (!separator.global) {
            separator = RegExp(separator.source, (reFlags.exec(separator) || '') + 'g');
          }
          separator.lastIndex = 0;
          while ((match = separator.exec(substring))) {
            newEnd = match.index;
          }
          result = result.slice(0, newEnd == null ? end : newEnd);
        }
      } else if (string.indexOf(separator, end) != end) {
        var index = result.lastIndexOf(separator);
        if (index > -1) {
          result = result.slice(0, index);
        }
      }
      return result + omission;
    }

    /**
     * The inverse of `_.escape`; this method converts the HTML entities
     * `&amp;`, `&lt;`, `&gt;`, `&quot;`, and `&#39;` in `string` to their
     * corresponding characters.
     *
     * Note: No other HTML entities are unescaped. To unescape additional HTML
     * entities use a third-party library like [_he_](http://mths.be/he).
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Strings
     * @param {string} [string=''] The string to unescape.
     * @returns {string} Returns the unescaped string.
     * @example
     *
     * _.unescape('fred, barney &amp; pebbles');
     * // => 'fred, barney & pebbles'
     */
    function unescape(string) {
      if (string == null) {
        return '';
      }
      string = String(string);
      return string.indexOf(';') < 0 ? string : string.replace(reEscapedHtml, unescapeHtmlChar);
    }

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * Creates a function that returns `value`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {*} value The value to return from the new function.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
     * @example
     *
     * var object = { 'name': 'fred' };
     * var getter = _.constant(object);
     * getter() === object;
     * // => true
     */
    function constant(value) {
      return function() {
        return value;
      };
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function bound to an optional `thisArg`. If `func` is a property
     * name the created callback will return the property value for a given element.
     * If `func` is an object the created callback will return `true` for elements
     * that contain the equivalent object properties, otherwise it will return `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias callback
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {*} [func=identity] The value to convert to a callback.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of the created callback.
     * @param {number} [argCount] The number of arguments the callback accepts.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
     * @example
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
     *   { 'name': 'fred',   'age': 40 }
     * ];
     *
     * // wrap to create custom callback shorthands
     * _.createCallback = _.wrap(_.createCallback, function(func, callback, thisArg) {
     *   var match = /^(.+?)__([gl]t)(.+)$/.exec(callback);
     *   return !match ? func(callback, thisArg) : function(object) {
     *     return match[2] == 'gt' ? object[match[1]] > match[3] : object[match[1]] < match[3];
     *   };
     * });
     *
     * _.filter(characters, 'age__gt38');
     * // => [{ 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 }]
     */
    function createCallback(func, thisArg, argCount) {
      var type = typeof func;
      if (type == 'function' || func == null) {
        return (typeof thisArg == 'undefined' || !(func && 'prototype' in func)) &&
          func || baseCreateCallback(func, thisArg, argCount);
      }
      // handle "_.pluck" and "_.where" style callback shorthands
      return type == 'object' ? matches(func) : property(func);
    }

    /**
     * This method returns the first argument provided to it.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {*} value Any value.
     * @returns {*} Returns `value`.
     * @example
     *
     * var object = { 'name': 'fred' };
     * _.identity(object) === object;
     * // => true
     */
    function identity(value) {
      return value;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a "_.where" style predicate function which performs a deep comparison
     * between a given object and the `source` object, returning `true` if the given
     * object has equivalent property values, else `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {Object} source The object of property values to match.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
     * @example
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'fred',   'age': 40 },
     *   { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 }
     * ];
     *
     * var matchesAge = _.matches({ 'age': 36 });
     *
     * _.filter(characters, matchesAge);
     * // => [{ 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 }]
     *
     * _.find(characters, matchesAge);
     * // => { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 }
     */
    function matches(source) {
      var props = keys(source),
          propsLength = props.length,
          key = props[0],
          value = propsLength && source[key];

      // fast path the common case of providing an object with a single
      // property containing a primitive value
      if (propsLength == 1 && value === value && !isObject(value)) {
        return function(object) {
          if (!(object && hasOwnProperty.call(object, key))) {
            return false;
          }
          // treat `-0` vs. `+0` as not equal
          var other = object[key];
          return value === other && (value !== 0 || (1 / value == 1 / other));
        };
      }
      return function(object) {
        var length = propsLength;
        if (length && !object) {
          return false;
        }
        var result = true;
        while (length--) {
          var key = props[length];
          if (!(result = hasOwnProperty.call(object, key) &&
              baseIsEqual(object[key], source[key], null, true))) {
            break;
          }
        }
        return result;
      };
    }

    /**
     * Adds all own enumerable function properties of a source object to the
     * destination object. If `object` is a function methods will be added to
     * its prototype as well.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {Function|Object} [object=this] object The destination object.
     * @param {Object} source The object of functions to add.
     * @param {Object} [options] The options object.
     * @param {boolean} [options.chain=true] Specify whether the functions added
     *  are chainable.
     * @returns {Function|Object} Returns `object`.
     * @example
     *
     * function vowels(string) {
     *   return _.filter(string, function(v) {
     *     return /[aeiou]/i.test(v);
     *   });
     * }
     *
     * _.mixin({ 'vowels': vowels });
     * _.vowels('fred');
     * // => ['e']
     *
     * _('fred').vowels().value();
     * // => ['e']
     *
     * _.mixin({ 'vowels': vowels }, { 'chain': false });
     * _('fred').vowels();
     * // => ['e']
     */
    function mixin(object, source, options) {
      var chain = true,
          methodNames = source && baseFunctions(source, keys);

      if (!source || (!options && !methodNames.length)) {
        if (options == null) {
          options = source;
        }
        source = object;
        object = this;
        methodNames = baseFunctions(source, keys);
      }
      if (options === false) {
        chain = false;
      } else if (isObject(options) && 'chain' in options) {
        chain = options.chain;
      }
      var index = -1,
          isFunc = isFunction(object),
          length = methodNames ? methodNames.length : 0;

      while (++index < length) {
        var methodName = methodNames[index],
            func = object[methodName] = source[methodName];

        if (isFunc) {
          object.prototype[methodName] = (function(func) {
            return function() {
              var chainAll = this.__chain__,
                  value = this.__wrapped__,
                  args = [value];

              push.apply(args, arguments);
              var result = func.apply(object, args);
              if (chain || chainAll) {
                if (value === result && isObject(result)) {
                  return this;
                }
                result = new object(result);
                result.__chain__ = chainAll;
              }
              return result;
            };
          }(func));
        }
      }
      return object;
    }

    /**
     * Reverts the `_` variable to its previous value and returns a reference to
     * the `lodash` function.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @returns {Function} Returns the `lodash` function.
     * @example
     *
     * var lodash = _.noConflict();
     */
    function noConflict() {
      context._ = oldDash;
      return this;
    }

    /**
     * A no-operation function.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @example
     *
     * var object = { 'name': 'fred' };
     * _.noop(object) === undefined;
     * // => true
     */
    function noop() {
      // no operation performed
    }

    /**
     * Gets the number of milliseconds that have elapsed since the Unix epoch
     * (1 January 1970 00:00:00 UTC).
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @example
     *
     * var stamp = _.now();
     * _.defer(function() { console.log(_.now() - stamp); });
     * // => logs the number of milliseconds it took for the deferred function to be called
     */
    var now = nativeNow || function() {
      return new Date().getTime();
    };

    /**
     * Converts `value` to an integer of the specified radix. If `radix` is
     * `undefined` or `0`, a `radix` of `10` is used unless `value` is a hexadecimal,
     * in which case a `radix` of `16` is used.
     *
     * Note: This method avoids differences in native ES3 and ES5 `parseInt`
     * implementations. See the [ES5 spec](http://es5.github.io/#E)
     * for more details.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {string} value The value to parse.
     * @param {number} [radix] The radix used to interpret the value to parse.
     * @returns {number} Returns the converted integer.
     * @example
     *
     * _.parseInt('08');
     * // => 8
     */
    var parseInt = nativeParseInt(whitespace + '08') == 8 ? nativeParseInt : function(value, radix) {
      // Firefox < 21 and Opera < 15 follow ES3  for `parseInt` and
      // Chrome fails to trim leading <BOM> whitespace characters.
      // See https://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=3109
      value = trim(value);
      return nativeParseInt(value, +radix || (reHexPrefix.test(value) ? 16 : 10));
    };

    /**
     * Creates a "_.pluck" style function which returns the `key` value of a
     * given object.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {string} key The name of the property to retrieve.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
     * @example
     *
     * var characters = [
     *   { 'name': 'fred',   'age': 40 },
     *   { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 }
     * ];
     *
     * var getName = _.property('name');
     *
     * _.map(characters, getName);
     * // => ['barney', 'fred']
     *
     * _.sortBy(characters, getName);
     * // => [{ 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 }, { 'name': 'fred',   'age': 40 }]
     */
    function property(key) {
      return function(object) {
        return object == null ? undefined : object[key];
      };
    }

    /**
     * Produces a random number between `min` and `max` (inclusive). If only one
     * argument is provided a number between `0` and the given number will be
     * returned. If `floating` is truthy or either `min` or `max` are floats a
     * floating-point number will be returned instead of an integer.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {number} [min=0] The minimum possible value.
     * @param {number} [max=1] The maximum possible value.
     * @param {boolean} [floating=false] Specify returning a floating-point number.
     * @returns {number} Returns the random number.
     * @example
     *
     * _.random(0, 5);
     * // => an integer between 0 and 5
     *
     * _.random(5);
     * // => also an integer between 0 and 5
     *
     * _.random(5, true);
     * // => a floating-point number between 0 and 5
     *
     * _.random(1.2, 5.2);
     * // => a floating-point number between 1.2 and 5.2
     */
    function random(min, max, floating) {
      var noMin = min == null,
          noMax = max == null;

      if (floating == null) {
        if (noMax && typeof min == 'boolean') {
          floating = min;
          min = 1;
        }
        else if (typeof max == 'boolean') {
          floating = max;
          noMax = true;
        }
      }
      if (noMin && noMax) {
        max = 1;
        noMax = false;
      }
      min = +min || 0;
      if (noMax) {
        max = min;
        min = 0;
      } else {
        max = +max || 0;
      }
      if (floating || min % 1 || max % 1) {
        var rand = nativeRandom();
        return nativeMin(min + (rand * (max - min + parseFloat('1e-' + (String(rand).length - 1)))), max);
      }
      return baseRandom(min, max);
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array of numbers (positive and/or negative) progressing from
     * `start` up to but not including `end`. If `start` is less than `stop` a
     * zero-length range is created unless a negative `step` is specified.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {number} [start=0] The start of the range.
     * @param {number} end The end of the range.
     * @param {number} [step=1] The value to increment or decrement by.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array of numbers.
     * @example
     *
     * _.range(4);
     * // => [0, 1, 2, 3]
     *
     * _.range(1, 5);
     * // => [1, 2, 3, 4]
     *
     * _.range(0, 20, 5);
     * // => [0, 5, 10, 15]
     *
     * _.range(0, -4, -1);
     * // => [0, -1, -2, -3]
     *
     * _.range(1, 4, 0);
     * // => [1, 1, 1]
     *
     * _.range(0);
     * // => []
     */
    function range(start, end, step) {
      start = +start || 0;
      step = step == null ? 1 : (+step || 0);

      if (end == null) {
        end = start;
        start = 0;
      } else {
        end = +end || 0;
      }
      // use `Array(length)` so engines like Chakra and V8 avoid slower modes
      // http://youtu.be/XAqIpGU8ZZk#t=17m25s
      var index = -1,
          length = nativeMax(ceil((end - start) / (step || 1)), 0),
          result = Array(length);

      while (++index < length) {
        result[index] = start;
        start += step;
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Resolves the value of property `key` on `object`. If `key` is a function
     * it will be invoked with the `this` binding of `object` and its result
     * returned, else the property value is returned. If `object` is `null` or
     * `undefined` then `undefined` is returned. If a default value is provided
     * it will be returned if the property value resolves to `undefined`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
     * @param {string} key The name of the property to resolve.
     * @param {*} [defaultValue] The value returned if the property value
     *  resolves to `undefined`.
     * @returns {*} Returns the resolved value.
     * @example
     *
     * var object = {
     *   'name': 'fred',
     *   'age': function() {
     *     return 40;
     *   }
     * };
     *
     * _.result(object, 'name');
     * // => 'fred'
     *
     * _.result(object, 'age');
     * // => 40
     *
     * _.result(object, 'employer', 'slate');
     * // => 'slate'
     */
    function result(object, key, defaultValue) {
      var value = object == null ? undefined : object[key];
      if (typeof value == 'undefined') {
        return defaultValue;
      }
      return isFunction(value) ? object[key]() : value;
    }

    /**
     * Executes the callback `n` times, returning an array of the results
     * of each callback execution. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
     * with one argument; (index).
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {number} n The number of times to execute the callback.
     * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
     * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the array of results.
     * @example
     *
     * var diceRolls = _.times(3, _.partial(_.random, 1, 6, false));
     * // => [3, 6, 4]
     *
     * _.times(3, function(n) { mage.castSpell(n); });
     * // => calls `mage.castSpell(n)` three times, passing `n` of `0`, `1`, and `2` respectively
     *
     * _.times(3, function(n) { this.cast(n); }, mage);
     * // => also calls `mage.castSpell(n)` three times
     */
    function times(n, callback, thisArg) {
      n = n < 0 ? 0 : n >>> 0;
      callback = baseCreateCallback(callback, thisArg, 1);

      var index = -1,
          result = Array(n);

      while (++index < n) {
        result[index] = callback(index);
      }
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Generates a unique ID. If `prefix` is provided the ID will be appended to it.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {string} [prefix] The value to prefix the ID with.
     * @returns {string} Returns the unique ID.
     * @example
     *
     * _.uniqueId('contact_');
     * // => 'contact_104'
     *
     * _.uniqueId();
     * // => '105'
     */
    function uniqueId(prefix) {
      var id = ++idCounter;
      return String(prefix == null ? '' : prefix) + id;
    }

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    // add functions that return wrapped values when chaining
    lodash.after = after;
    lodash.assign = assign;
    lodash.at = at;
    lodash.bind = bind;
    lodash.bindAll = bindAll;
    lodash.bindKey = bindKey;
    lodash.chain = chain;
    lodash.compact = compact;
    lodash.compose = compose;
    lodash.constant = constant;
    lodash.countBy = countBy;
    lodash.create = create;
    lodash.createCallback = createCallback;
    lodash.curry = curry;
    lodash.debounce = debounce;
    lodash.defaults = defaults;
    lodash.defer = defer;
    lodash.delay = delay;
    lodash.difference = difference;
    lodash.drop = drop;
    lodash.dropRight = dropRight;
    lodash.dropRightWhile = dropRightWhile;
    lodash.dropWhile = dropWhile;
    lodash.filter = filter;
    lodash.flatten = flatten;
    lodash.forEach = forEach;
    lodash.forEachRight = forEachRight;
    lodash.forIn = forIn;
    lodash.forInRight = forInRight;
    lodash.forOwn = forOwn;
    lodash.forOwnRight = forOwnRight;
    lodash.functions = functions;
    lodash.groupBy = groupBy;
    lodash.indexBy = indexBy;
    lodash.initial = initial;
    lodash.intersection = intersection;
    lodash.invert = invert;
    lodash.invoke = invoke;
    lodash.keys = keys;
    lodash.keysIn = keysIn;
    lodash.map = map;
    lodash.mapValues = mapValues;
    lodash.matches = matches;
    lodash.max = max;
    lodash.memoize = memoize;
    lodash.merge = merge;
    lodash.min = min;
    lodash.mixin = mixin;
    lodash.negate = negate;
    lodash.omit = omit;
    lodash.once = once;
    lodash.pairs = pairs;
    lodash.partial = partial;
    lodash.partialRight = partialRight;
    lodash.partition = partition;
    lodash.pick = pick;
    lodash.pluck = pluck;
    lodash.property = property;
    lodash.pull = pull;
    lodash.pullAt = pullAt;
    lodash.range = range;
    lodash.reject = reject;
    lodash.remove = remove;
    lodash.rest = rest;
    lodash.shuffle = shuffle;
    lodash.slice = slice;
    lodash.sortBy = sortBy;
    lodash.tap = tap;
    lodash.throttle = throttle;
    lodash.times = times;
    lodash.toArray = toArray;
    lodash.transform = transform;
    lodash.union = union;
    lodash.uniq = uniq;
    lodash.values = values;
    lodash.valuesIn = valuesIn;
    lodash.where = where;
    lodash.without = without;
    lodash.wrap = wrap;
    lodash.xor = xor;
    lodash.zip = zip;
    lodash.zipObject = zipObject;

    // add aliases
    lodash.callback = createCallback;
    lodash.collect = map;
    lodash.each = forEach;
    lodash.eachRight = forEachRight;
    lodash.extend = assign;
    lodash.methods = functions;
    lodash.object = zipObject;
    lodash.select = filter;
    lodash.tail = rest;
    lodash.unique = uniq;
    lodash.unzip = zip;

    // add functions to `lodash.prototype`
    mixin(lodash, assign({}, lodash));

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    // add functions that return unwrapped values when chaining
    lodash.camelCase = camelCase;
    lodash.capitalize = capitalize;
    lodash.clone = clone;
    lodash.cloneDeep = cloneDeep;
    lodash.contains = contains;
    lodash.endsWith = endsWith;
    lodash.escape = escape;
    lodash.escapeRegExp = escapeRegExp;
    lodash.every = every;
    lodash.find = find;
    lodash.findIndex = findIndex;
    lodash.findKey = findKey;
    lodash.findLast = findLast;
    lodash.findLastIndex = findLastIndex;
    lodash.findLastKey = findLastKey;
    lodash.findWhere = findWhere;
    lodash.has = has;
    lodash.identity = identity;
    lodash.indexOf = indexOf;
    lodash.isArguments = isArguments;
    lodash.isArray = isArray;
    lodash.isBoolean = isBoolean;
    lodash.isDate = isDate;
    lodash.isElement = isElement;
    lodash.isEmpty = isEmpty;
    lodash.isEqual = isEqual;
    lodash.isError = isError;
    lodash.isFinite = isFinite;
    lodash.isFunction = isFunction;
    lodash.isNaN = isNaN;
    lodash.isNull = isNull;
    lodash.isNumber = isNumber;
    lodash.isObject = isObject;
    lodash.isPlainObject = isPlainObject;
    lodash.isRegExp = isRegExp;
    lodash.isString = isString;
    lodash.isUndefined = isUndefined;
    lodash.kebabCase = kebabCase;
    lodash.lastIndexOf = lastIndexOf;
    lodash.noConflict = noConflict;
    lodash.noop = noop;
    lodash.now = now;
    lodash.pad = pad;
    lodash.padLeft = padLeft;
    lodash.padRight = padRight;
    lodash.parseInt = parseInt;
    lodash.random = random;
    lodash.reduce = reduce;
    lodash.reduceRight = reduceRight;
    lodash.repeat = repeat;
    lodash.result = result;
    lodash.runInContext = runInContext;
    lodash.size = size;
    lodash.some = some;
    lodash.sortedIndex = sortedIndex;
    lodash.snakeCase = snakeCase;
    lodash.startsWith = startsWith;
    lodash.template = template;
    lodash.trim = trim;
    lodash.trimLeft = trimLeft;
    lodash.trimRight = trimRight;
    lodash.truncate = truncate;
    lodash.unescape = unescape;
    lodash.uniqueId = uniqueId;

    // add aliases
    lodash.all = every;
    lodash.any = some;
    lodash.detect = find;
    lodash.foldl = reduce;
    lodash.foldr = reduceRight;
    lodash.include = contains;
    lodash.inject = reduce;

    mixin(lodash, (function() {
      var source = {};
      baseForOwn(lodash, function(func, methodName) {
        if (!lodash.prototype[methodName]) {
          source[methodName] = func;
        }
      });
      return source;
    }()), false);

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    // add functions capable of returning wrapped and unwrapped values when chaining
    lodash.first = first;
    lodash.last = last;
    lodash.sample = sample;
    lodash.take = take;
    lodash.takeRight = takeRight;
    lodash.takeRightWhile = takeRightWhile;
    lodash.takeWhile = takeWhile;

    // add alias
    lodash.head = first;

    baseForOwn(lodash, function(func, methodName) {
      var callbackable = methodName != 'sample';
      if (!lodash.prototype[methodName]) {
        lodash.prototype[methodName] = function(n, guard) {
          var chainAll = this.__chain__,
              result = func(this.__wrapped__, n, guard);

          return !chainAll && (n == null || (guard && !(callbackable && typeof n == 'function')))
            ? result
            : new lodashWrapper(result, chainAll);
        };
      }
    });

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * The semantic version number.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @type string
     */
    lodash.VERSION = version;

    // add "Chaining" functions to the wrapper
    lodash.prototype.chain = wrapperChain;
    lodash.prototype.toJSON = wrapperValueOf;
    lodash.prototype.toString = wrapperToString;
    lodash.prototype.value = wrapperValueOf;
    lodash.prototype.valueOf = wrapperValueOf;

    // add `Array` functions that return unwrapped values
    arrayEach(['join', 'pop', 'shift'], function(methodName) {
      var func = arrayProto[methodName];
      lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
        var chainAll = this.__chain__,
            result = func.apply(this.__wrapped__, arguments);

        return chainAll
          ? new lodashWrapper(result, chainAll)
          : result;
      };
    });

    // add `Array` functions that return the existing wrapped value
    arrayEach(['push', 'reverse', 'sort', 'unshift'], function(methodName) {
      var func = arrayProto[methodName];
      lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
        func.apply(this.__wrapped__, arguments);
        return this;
      };
    });

    // add `Array` functions that return new wrapped values
    arrayEach(['concat', 'splice'], function(methodName) {
      var func = arrayProto[methodName];
      lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
        return new lodashWrapper(func.apply(this.__wrapped__, arguments), this.__chain__);
      };
    });

    // avoid array-like object bugs with `Array#shift` and `Array#splice`
    // in IE < 9, Firefox < 10, Narwhal, and RingoJS
    if (!support.spliceObjects) {
      arrayEach(['pop', 'shift', 'splice'], function(methodName) {
        var func = arrayProto[methodName],
            isSplice = methodName == 'splice';

        lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
          var chainAll = this.__chain__,
              value = this.__wrapped__,
              result = func.apply(value, arguments);

          if (value.length === 0) {
            delete value[0];
          }
          return (chainAll || isSplice)
            ? new lodashWrapper(result, chainAll)
            : result;
        };
      });
    }
    return lodash;
  }

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  // export Lo-Dash
  var _ = runInContext();

  // some AMD build optimizers like r.js check for condition patterns like the following:
  if (typeof define == 'function' && typeof define.amd == 'object' && define.amd) {
    // Expose Lo-Dash to the global object even when an AMD loader is present in
    // case Lo-Dash is loaded with a RequireJS shim config.
    // See http://requirejs.org/docs/api.html#config-shim
    root._ = _;

    // define as an anonymous module so, through path mapping, it can be
    // referenced as the "underscore" module
    define(function() {
      return _;
    });
  }
  // check for `exports` after `define` in case a build optimizer adds an `exports` object
  else if (freeExports && freeModule) {
    // in Node.js or RingoJS
    if (moduleExports) {
      (freeModule.exports = _)._ = _;
    }
    // in Narwhal or Rhino -require
    else {
      freeExports._ = _;
    }
  }
  else {
    // in a browser or Rhino
    root._ = _;
  }
}.call(this));