// Javascript can be so much more pleasant when it's functional -- re-implement
// a bunch of utility methods from Prototype and Steele's Functional...
window._ = {
      
  // The cornerstone, an each implementation.
  // Handles objects implementing forEach, _each, arrays, and raw objects.
  each : function(obj, iterator, context) {
    var index = 0;
    try {
      if (obj.forEach) {
        obj.forEach(iterator, context);
      } else if (obj.length) {
        for (var i=0; i<obj.length; i++) iterator.call(context, obj[i], i);
      } else if (obj.each) {
        obj.each(function(value) { iterator.call(context, value, index++); });
      } else {
        var i = 0;
        for (var key in obj) {
          var value = obj[key], pair = [key, value];
          pair.key = key;
          pair.value = value;
          iterator.call(context, pair, i++);
        }
      }
    } catch(e) {
      if (e != '__break__') throw e;
    }
    return obj;
  },
  
  // Determine whether all of the elements match a truth test. Delegate to
  // Javascript 1.6's every(), if it is present.
  all : function(obj, iterator, context) {
    iterator = iterator || function(v){ return v; };
    if (obj.every) return obj.every(iterator, context);
    var result = true;
    _.each(obj, function(value, index) {
      result = result && !!iterator.call(context, value, index);
      if (!result) throw '__break__';
    });
    return result;
  },
  
  // Determine if at least one element in the object matches a truth test. Use
  // Javascript 1.6's some(), if it exists.
  any : function(obj, iterator, context) {
    iterator = iterator || function(v) { return v; };
    if (obj.some) return obj.some(iterator, context);
    var result = false;
    _.each(obj, function(value, index) {
      if (result = !!iterator.call(context, value, index)) throw '__break__';
    });
    return result;
  },
  
  // Return the results of applying the iterator to each element. Use Javascript
  // 1.6's version of map, if possible.
  map : function(obj, iterator, context) {
    if (obj.map) return obj.map(iterator, context);
    var results = [];
    _.each(obj, function(value, index) {
      results.push(iterator.call(context, value, index));
    });
    return results;
  },
  
  // Aka reduce. Inject builds up a single result from a list of values.
  inject : function(obj, memo, iterator, context) {
    _.each(obj, function(value, index) {
      memo = iterator.call(context, memo, value, index);
    });
    return memo;
  },
  
  // Return the first value which passes a truth test.
  detect : function(obj, iterator, context) {
    var result;
    _.each(obj, function(value, index) {
      if (iterator.call(context, value, index)) {
        result = value;
        throw '__break__';
      }
    });
    return result;
  },
  
  // Return all the elements that pass a truth test. Use Javascript 1.6's
  // filter(), if it exists.
  select : function(obj, iterator, context) {
    if (obj.filter) return obj.filter(iterator, context);
    var results = [];
    _.each(obj, function(value, index) {
      if (iterator.call(context, value, index)) results.push(value);
    });
    return results;
  },
  
  // Return all the elements for which a truth test fails.
  reject : function(obj, iterator, context) {
    var results = [];
    _.each(obj, function(value, index) {
      if (!iterator.call(context, value, index)) results.push(value);
    });
    return results;
  },
  
  // Determine if a given value is included in the array or object, 
  // based on '=='.
  include : function(obj, target) {
    if (_.isArray(obj)) return _.indexOf(obj, target) != -1;
    var found = false;
    _.each(obj, function(pair) {
      if (pair.value == target) {
        found = true;
        throw '__break__';
      }
    });
    return found;
  },
  
  // Invoke a method with arguments on every item in a collection.
  invoke : function(obj, method) {
    var args = _.toArray(arguments).slice(2);
    return _.map(obj, function(value) {
      return (method ? value[method] : value).apply(value, args);
    });
  },
  
  // Optimized version of a common use case of map: fetching a property.
  pluck : function(obj, key) {
    var results = [];
    _.each(obj, function(value){ results.push(value[key]); });
    return results;
  },
  
  // Return the maximum item or (item-based computation).
  max : function(obj, iterator, context) {
    if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj)) return Math.max.apply(Math, obj);
    var result;
    _.each(obj, function(value, index) {
      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index) : value;
      if (result == null || computed >= result.computed) result = {value : value, computed : computed};
    });
    return result.value;
  },
  
  // Return the minimum element (or element-based computation).
  min : function(obj, iterator, context) {
    if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj)) return Math.min.apply(Math, obj);
    var result;
    _.each(obj, function(value, index) {
      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index) : value;
      if (result == null || computed < result.computed) result = {value : value, computed : computed};
    });
    return result.value;
  },
  
  // Sort the object's values by a criteria produced by an iterator.
  sortBy : function(obj, iterator, context) {
    return _.pluck(_.map(obj, function(value, index) {
      return {
        value : value,
        criteria : iterator.call(context, value, index)
      };
    }).sort(function(left, right) {
      var a = left.criteria, b = right.criteria;
      return a < b ? -1 : a > b ? 1 : 0;
    }), 'value');
  },
  
  // Use a comparator function to figure out at what index an object should
  // be inserted so as to maintain order. Uses binary search.
  sortedIndex : function(array, comparator, obj) {
    var low = 0, high = array.length;
    while (low < high) {
      var mid = (low + high) >> 1;
      comparator(array[mid], obj) < 0 ? low = mid + 1 : high = mid;
    }
    return low;
  },
  
  // Convert anything iterable into a real, live array.
  toArray : function(iterable) {
    if (!iterable) return [];
    if (_.isArray(iterable)) return iterable;
    return _.map(iterable, function(val){ return val; });
  },
  
  // Return the number of elements in an object.
  size : function(obj) {
    return _.toArray(obj).length;
  },
  
  //------------- The following methods only apply to arrays. -----------------
  
  // Get the first element of an array.
  first : function(array) {
    return array[0];
  },
  
  // Get the last element of an array.
  last : function(array) {
    return array[array.length - 1];
  },
  
  // Trim out all falsy values from an array.
  compact : function(array) {
    return _.select(array, function(value){ return !!value; });
  },
  
  // Return a completely flattened version of an array.
  flatten : function(array) {
    return _.inject(array, [], function(memo, value) {
      if (_.isArray(value)) return memo.concat(_.flatten(value));
      memo.push(value);
      return memo;
    });
  },
  
  // Return a version of the array that does not contain the specified value(s).
  without : function(array) {
    var values = array.slice.call(arguments, 0);
    return _.select(array, function(value){ return !_.include(values, value); });
  },
  
  // Produce a duplicate-free version of the array. If the array has already
  // been sorted, you have the option of using a faster algorithm.
  uniq : function(array, sorted) {
    return _.inject(array, [], function(memo, el, i) {
      if (0 == i || (sorted ? _.last(memo) != el : !_.include(memo, el))) memo.push(el);
      return memo;
    });
  },
  
  // Produce an array that contains every item shared between two given arrays.
  intersect : function(array1, array2) {
    return _.select(_.uniq(array1), function(item1) {
      return _.detect(array2, function(item2) { return item1 === item2; });
    });
  },
  
  // If the browser doesn't supply us with indexOf (I'm looking at you, MSIE), 
  // we need this function. Return the position of the first occurence of an 
  // item in an array, or -1 if the item is not included in the array.
  indexOf : function(array, item) {
    if (array.indexOf) return array.indexOf(item);
    var length = array.length;
    for (i=0; i<length; i++) if (array[i] === item) return i;
    return -1;
  },
  
  /* -------------- The following methods apply to functions -----------------*/
  
  // Create a function bound to a given object (assigning 'this', and arguments,
  // optionally).
  bind : function(func, context) {
    if (!context) return func;
    var args = _.toArray(arguments).slice(2);
    return function() {
      var a = args.concat(_.toArray(arguments));
      return func.apply(context, a);
    };
  },
  
  // Bind all of an object's methods to that object. Useful for ensuring that 
  // all callbacks defined on an object belong to it.
  bindAll : function() {
    var args = _.toArray(arguments);
    var context = args.pop();
    _.each(args, function(methodName) {
      context[methodName] = _.bind(context[methodName], context);
    });
  },
  
  /* ---------------- The following methods apply to objects ---------------- */
  
  // Retrieve the names of an object's properties.
  keys : function(obj) {
    return _.pluck(obj, 'key');
  },
  
  // Retrieve the values of an object's properties.
  values : function(obj) {
    return _.pluck(obj, 'value');
  },
  
  // Extend a given object with all of the properties in a source object.
  extend : function(destination, source) {
    for (var property in source) destination[property] = source[property];
    return destination;
  },
  
  // Create a (shallow-cloned) duplicate of an object.
  clone : function(obj) {
    return _.extend({}, obj);
  },
  
  // Perform a deep comparison to check if two objects are equal.
  isEqual : function(a, b) {
    // Check object identity.
    if (a === b) return true;
    // Different types?
    var atype = typeof(a), btype = typeof(b);
    if (atype != btype) return false;
    // Basic equality test (watch out for coercions).
    if (a == b) return true;
    // One of them implements an isEqual()?
    if (a.isEqual) return a.isEqual(b);
    // Nothing else worked, deep compare the contents.
    return atype === 'object' && _._isEqualContents(a, b);
  },
  
  // Objects have equal contents if they have the same keys, and all the values
  // are equal (as defined by _.isEqual).
  _isEqualContents : function(a, b) {
    var aKeys = _.keys(a), bKeys = _.keys(b);
    if (aKeys.length != bKeys.length) return false;
    for (var key in a) if (!_.isEqual(a[key], b[key])) return false;
    return true; 
  },
  
  // Is a given value a DOM element?
  isElement : function(obj) {
    return !!(obj && obj.nodeType == 1);
  },
  
  // Is a given value a real Array?
  isArray : function(obj) {
    return Object.prototype.toString.call(obj) == '[object Array]';
  },
  
  // Is a given value a Function?
  isFunction : function(obj) {
    return typeof obj == 'function';
  },
  
  // Is a given variable undefined?
  isUndefined : function(obj) {
    return typeof obj == 'undefined';
  },
  
  // Convert any value into printable string form.
  toString : function(obj) {
    return obj == null ? '' : String(obj);
  },
  
  /* -------------- The following methods are utility methods --------------- */
  
  // Generate a unique integer id (unique within the entire client session).
  // Useful for temporary DOM ids.
  uniqueId : function(prefix) {
    var id = this._idCounter = (this._idCounter || 0) + 1;
    return prefix ? prefix + id : id;
  },
  
  // Javascript templating a-la ERB, pilfered from John Resig's 
  // "Secrets of the Javascript Ninja", page 83.
  template : function(str, data) {
    var fn = new Function('obj', 
      'var p=[],print=function(){p.push.apply(p,arguments);};' +
      'with(obj){p.push(\'' +
      str
        .replace(/[\r\t\n]/g, " ") 
        .split("<%").join("\t") 
        .replace(/((^|%>)[^\t]*)'/g, "$1\r") 
        .replace(/\t=(.*?)%>/g, "',$1,'") 
        .split("\t").join("');") 
        .split("%>").join("p.push('") 
        .split("\r").join("\\'") 
    + "');}return p.join('');");
    return data ? fn(data) : fn;  
  }
  
};